Money supply in the United States Essay

Money supply in the United States, and indeed any other economy using a central banking reserve system, is controlled and managed by a limited number of private banks working together for their own benefit instead of the benefit of the nation. As Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States allegedly once said, â€Å"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs (Quotations Page). Money supply in the United Stated is expanded in line with a fractional reserve policy. This policy whereby the banks retain a fraction of their total deposits, and are then able to lend the rest means there will always be a constantly expanding money supply, and this will always be a multiple larger than the actual amount of base money that is made by the Federal Reserve. This multiple is known as the money multiplier and is calculated by the Federal Reserve based around its reserve requirement and other fiscal regulations. The importance of financial intermediation cannot be understated, as this is required in order to manage the banking and monetary system and to try and avoid banking panics, to serve as the central bank for the government, and to manage the nations’ supply of money through economic policies which try to maximize employment, minimize taxation, and produce positive gross domestic product. The significance of banker’s taste for excess reserves on the Fed’s ability to expand the money supply shows that the fractional reserve system is not perfect and that to gain maximum control over the money multiplier and the supply of money, reserves are needed to manipulate fiscal information to the banker’s benefit. These assets are counted as reserves due to the fact that they are not necessary for the bank to hold these reserves as collateral against its lending, hence they are considered excess. The banks could use these reserves to aggressively increase loans or investments if they so wish. This is a key factor to consider here, that the banker’s taste limit the power of the Fed, as they may be able to undermine the central banking system of the United States by manipulating the money supply.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Quotations Page. 13 May 2010 .

BMW vs Mercedes Essay

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG Bayerische Motoren Werke AG ( English: Bavarian Motor Works), commonly known asBMW or BMW AG, is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. BMW is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It also owns and produces Mini cars, and is the parent company ofRolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad. In 2012, the BMW Group produced 1,845,186 automobiles and 117,109 motorcycles across all of its brands. BMW is part of the â€Å"German Big 3† luxury automakers, along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz, which are the three best-selling luxury automakers in the world. History BMW was established as a business entity following a restructuring of the Rapp Motorenwerke aircraft manufacturing firm in 1917. After the end of World War I in 1918, BMW was forced to cease aircraft-engine production by the terms of theVersailles Armistice Treaty.[5] The company consequently shifted to motorcycle production in 1923, once the restrictions of the treaty started to be lifted,[6] followed by automobiles in 1928–29.[7][8][9] The first car which BMW successfully produced and the car which launched BMW on the road to automobile production was the Dixi, it was based on the Austin 7 and licensed from the Austin Motor Company in Birmingham, England. BMW’s first significant aircraft engine was the BMW IIIa inline-six liquid-cooled engine of 1918, much preferred for its high-altitude performance.[10] With German rearmament in the 1930s, the company again began producing aircraft engines for theLuftwaffe. Among its successful World War II engine designs were the BM W 132 and BMW 801 air-cooled radial engines, and the pioneering BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet, which powered the tiny, 1944–1945–era jet-powered â€Å"emergency fighter†, theHeinkel He 162 Spatz. The BMW 003 jet engine was tested in the A-1b version of the world’s first jet fighter, theMesserschmitt Me 262, but BMW engines failed on takeoff, a major setback for the Emergency Fighter Program until successful testing with Junkers engines.[11][12] Towards the end of the Third Reich BMW developed some military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe, the BMW Strahlbomber, the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljà ¤ger, but none of them were built.[13][14] By the year 1959, the automotive division of BMW  was in financial difficulties and a shareholders meeting was held to decide whether to go into liquidation or find a way of carrying on. It was decided to carry on and to try to cash in on the current economy car boom enjoyed so successfully by some of Germanyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ex-aircraft manufacturers such as Messerschmitt andHeinkel. The rights to manufacture the Italian Iso Isetta were bought; the tiny cars themselves were to be powered by a modified form of BMW’s own motorcycle engine. This was moderately successful and helped the company get back on its feet. The controlling majority shareholder of the BMW Aktiengesellschaft since 1959 is the Quandt family, which owns about 46% of the stock. The rest is in public float. Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (German pronunciation: [mÉ›Ê Ã‹Ë†tÍ ¡seË dÉ™s ˈbÉ›ntÍ ¡s]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. The brand is used for luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. Mercedes-Benz is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz but traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft’s 1901Mercedes and to Karl Benz’s 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile. Mercedes-Benz’s slogan is â€Å"Das Beste oder nichts† (English: â€Å"The best or nothing†). Mercedes-Benz is part of the â€Å"German Big 3† luxury automakers, along with Audi and BMW, which are the best selling luxury automakers in the world. Karl Benz in Mannheim, Germany  made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz’s creation of the first petrol-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed byBertha Benz[3] and patented in January 1886,[4] and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach’s conversion of a stagecoach by the addition of a petrol engine later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz’s and Gottlieb Daimler’s companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[1][4] Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany’s Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars  during his time in power, with bulletproofwindshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions t o private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles.[5] Mercedes-Benz is one of the best known and established automotive brands in the world, and is also one of the world’s oldest automotive brand still in existence today in 2014, having produced the first petrol-powered car.[6] For information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz. PRODUCT MIX OF BMW BMW is one of the preeminent luxury car manufacturers in Europe, North America, and the world today. BMW produces several lines of cars, including the 3 series, the 5 series, the 7 series, the Z line (driven by Pierce Brosnan as James Bond in Goldeneye), and the new X line, BMW’s â€Å"sport activity† vehicle line. In addition, BMW is now selling Rovers, a British car line anchored by the internationally popular Land Rover sport utility vehicle, and will begin selling Rolls Royce vehicles in 2003. Sales of all the BMW, Rover, and Land Rover vehicles have been on the rise globally. High-profile image campaigns (such as the James Bond promotion) and the award-winning BMW website (where users can design their own car) continue to increase the popularity of BMW’s products. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE BMW cars typically have a product life cycle of seven years. Motorcycles BMW began production of motorcycle engines and then motorcycles after World War I.[23] Its motorcycle brand is now known as BMW Motorrad. Their first successful motorcycle, after the failed Helios and Flink, was the â€Å"R32† in 1923. This had a â€Å"boxer† twin engine, in which a cylinder projects into the air-flow from each side of the machine. Apart from their single-cylinder models (basically to the same pattern), all their motorcycles used this distinctive layout until the early 1980s. Many BMWs are still produced in this layout, which is designated the R Series. During the Second World War, BMW produced the BMW R75 motorcycle with a sidecar attached. Having a unique design copied from the Zà ¼ndapp KS750, its sidecar wheel was also motor-driven. Combined with a lockable differential, this made the vehicle  very capable off-road, an equivalent in many ways to the Jeep. In 1982, came the K Series, shaft drive but water-cooled and with either three or four cylin ders mounted in a straight line from front to back. Shortly after, BMW also started making the chain-driven F and G series with single and parallel twin Rotaxengines. In the early 1990s, BMW updated the airhead Boxer engine which became known as the oilhead. In 2002, the oilhead engine had two spark plugs per cylinder. In 2004 it added a built-in balance shaft, an increased capacity to 1,170 cc and enhanced performance to 100 hp (75 kW) for the R1200GS, compared to 85 hp (63 kW) of the previous R1150GS. More powerful variants of the oilhead engines are available in the R1100S and R1200S, producing 98 hp (73 kW) and 122 hp (91 kW), respectively. BMW introduced anti-lock brakes on production motorcycles starting in the late 1980s. The generation of anti-lock brakes available on the 2006 and later BMW motorcycles pave the way for the introduction of electronic stability control, or anti-skid technology later in the 2007 model year. Automobiles The New Class (German: Neue Klasse) was a line of compact sedans and coupes starting with the 1962 1500 and continuing through the last 2002s in 1977. Powered by BMW’s celebrated four-cylinder M10 engine, the New Class models had a fully independent suspension, MacPherson struts in front, and front disc brakes. Initially a family of four-door sedans and two-door coupes, the New Class line was broadened to two-door sports sedans with the addition of the 02 Series1600 and 2002 in 1966. Sharing little in common with the rest of the line beyond power train, the sporty siblings caught auto enthusiasts’ attention and established BMW as an international brand. Precursors to the famed BMW 3 Series, the two-doors’ success cemented the firm’s future as an upper tier performance car maker. New Class four-doors with numbers ending in â€Å"0† were replaced by the larger BMW 5 Series in 1972. The upscale 2000C and 2000CS coupes were replaced by the six-cylinder BMW E9, introduced in 1969 with the 2800CS. The 1600 two-door was discontinued in 1975, and the 2002 was replaced by the 320i in 1975. The 1 Series, originally launched in 2004, is BMW’s smallest car. Currently available are the second generation hatchback (F20) and first generation coupe/convertible (E82/E88). The 3 Series, a compact executive car manufactured since model year 1975, is currently in its sixth generation (F30); models include the sport sedan  (F30), and fourth generation station wagon (F30), and convertible (E93), and the Gran Turismo. In 2014, the 4 Series will be released and replace the 3 Series Coupe and Convertible. The 5 Series is a mid-size executive car, available in sedan (F10) and station wagon (F11) forms. The 5 Series Gran Turismo (F07), which debuted in 2010, created a segment between station wagons and crossover SUV.[24] BMW’s full-size flagship executive sedan is the 7 Series. Typically, BMW introduces many of their innovations first in the 7 Series, such as the iDrive system. The 7 Series Hydrogen, having one of the world’s first hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines, is fueled by liquid hydrogen and emits only clean water vapor. The latest generation (F01) debuted in 2009. Based on the 5 Series’ platform, the 6 Series is BMW’s grand touring luxury sport coupe/convertible (F12/F13). A 2-seater roadsterand coupe which succeeded the Z3, the Z4 has been sold since 2002. Motorsport BMW has been engaged in motorsport activities since the dawn of the first BMW motorcycle in 1923. BMW has a history of success in Formula One. BMW powered cars have won 20 races. In 2006 BMW took over the Sauberteam and became Formula One constructors. In 2007 and 2008 the team enjoyed some success. The most recent win is a lone constructor team’s victory by BMW Sauber F1 Team, on 8 June 2008, at the Canadian Grand Prix with Robert Kubicadriving. BMW was an engine supplier to Williams, Benetton, Brabham, and Arrows. Notable drivers who have started their Formula One careers with BMW include Jenson Button, Juan Pablo Montoya, Robert Kubica and Sebastian Vettel. In July 2009, BMW announced that it would withdraw from Formula One at the end of the 2009 season.[27] The team was sold back to the previous owner, Peter Sauber, who kept the BMW part of the name for the 2010 season due to issues with theConcorde Agreement. The team has since dropped BMW from their name starting in 2011 . Public Relations Effective public relations need to play an integral part in BMW marketing strategy. It is important for BMW to maintain regular contact with all organisational stakeholders with the use of various marketing communication channels. Specifically, communication channels used in public relations include, but not limited to online press releases, annual reports, speeches,  and seminars. As part of their corporate social responsibility initiatives BMW management is also recommended to increase the level of its association with local charities in the UK such as Oxfam, NSPCC, or Cancer Research UK. Moreover, BMW management can initiate the development of identity magazine of the BMW Group which can cover the latest trends and news in local and global automobile industry and at the same time serve as an effective channel to communicate the marketing message to the target customer segment. Advertising Advertising can be defined as â€Å"the activity or profession of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial products or services† (Business Dictionary, 2013, online). BMW is recommended to be communicating its marketing message to target customer segment on the basis of using a set of advertising channels. Specifically, engagement in print and broadcast advertisement through channels popular amongst BMW target customer segment needs to be adopted as one of the cores of the marketing strategy. Advertising banners need to be displayed in locations in London frequently attended by BMW target customer segment such as Canary Wharf and City. Moreover, BMW marketing team is recommended to be improving the quality of point-of-sales advertising through supplying audio, video and image materials that motivate salon visitors to commit to the purchase. Sales Promotion Sales promotion involves offering short-term incentives for potential customers to commit to the purchase of products and services. BMW Group is recommended to use sales promotion in the UK market in an occasional manner in order to increase the levels of revenues for short-term perspectives. For example, 100th anniversary of BMW on March 7, 2013 can be specified as an appropriate occasion to announce 10% sales promotion for all BMW models. However, it is important to note that BMW needs to engage in sales promotions in the UK market only in an occasional manner, no more than once a year, because using sales promotion more frequently may cause depreciation of BMW premium brand value. PRICING STRATEGY The prices of BMW Group are based on a differentiated strategy. This means  that they charge extra for premium quality. This difference in prices is due to each cars different engine size, gear levels, fuel consumption, sports version. The pricing strategy that the BMW Group adopts is based on several key trends. One most important trend of BMW is labeled as â€Å"premium-tization†. Premium-tization trend of BMW causes polarization of markets. This trend triggers the consumers to demand and pay much higher prices for the perceived quality. SWOT ANALYSIS OF BMW GROUP A SWOT analysis will be used to see the various Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the BMW Group. Strengths: Strong marketing strategy. Customers recognize the strong brand name of BMW Group Company. Strong brand image i.e. BMW, MINI Cooper and Rolls Royce. Every 2 to 3 years BMW introduces its new version of cars i.e. constant innovation and technology. Weaknesses: There is an increasing number of duplicate spare parts of BMW and MINI Cooper. The manufacturing costs of BMW cars are very high as compared to its competitors. This is also a reason for high pricing of BMW cars. Not a mass market company like Toyota and their volumes are small. Opportunities There is an opportunity for BMW Group to increase further innovation and technology in their cars due to increasing competition in car industry. BMW Group should also look to make new collaboration with other car manufacturers i.e. introducing new brands. BMW Group should also look to produce cheaper cars by new innovation and technology. Expansion of the BMW Group in Asia Pacific, Asia, Africa and Australia. Threats Recession which has affected businesses in every part of the world. To maintain the same level of innovation and performance.  The growing competition in the automobile industry i.e. competitors of BMW Group include Mercedes, Audi, Jaguar, Ford, Lexus. The earnings of the BMW Group are Dollar dominated, so the increasing strength of Euro is another  threat for the company. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL BMW Welt focuses on strengthening the dialogue with customers and visitors by showing a wide range of BMW cars and motorcycles, and providing vehicle distribution, particularly the creation of a special experience with regards to customer collection of an ordered vehicle. BMW Welt also offers shops with BMW auxiliary products, as well as a fully serviced gastronomic restaurant. In the meeting forum, BMW Welt offers conference rooms and the opportunity to stage media events. The building often houses exhibitions related to new BMW models and, since 2012, other BMW Group brands such as Mini and Rolls-Royce BMW plans a new distribution system for the 5-series sedan that will keep some of the vehicles allocated to dealerships in one of three locations around the country. The distribution system would give dealers pools of cars in three locations, said Miles. Rather than ship each dealership’s total monthly allocation to the store, some of the cars will be kept at BMW processing fa cilities on both coasts and in the South. â€Å"The basic principle is to make more of the inventory that exists available to sell and to reduce the dealers’ floorplan cost,† MERCEDES PRODUCT RANGE  VANS Mercedes-Benz Vans sets standards through perfection and meticulous attention to detail. Ground-breaking innovations and excellent value retention are decisive for the brand’s success. With its broad spectrum of offers the brand can really score points with the customer.The Mercedes-Benz Vans product spectrum includes vans, MPVs and camper vans for private and commercial use. Mercedes-Benz Vans stands for sustainable technologies. In particular the new Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, introduced in the spring of 2013, was equipped with technologies that make it even more frugal and environmentally compatible. Whether for a private or commercial customer – Mercedes-Benz Vans is focused on customisation according to the customer’s needs. Although each customer is different, one thing applies to all in the same measure: Mercedes-Benz Vans delivers the best possible solution. TRUCKS As part of the Daimler Trucks division, Mercedes-Benz Trucks has been a hallmark of premium quality for over 100 years now. It stands not only for reliability and economic efficiency, but also for first-class product and service quality and comprehensive expertise in the area of customer-oriented transport solutions. The high standard of quality applies equally to our Actros, Arocs, Axor, Antos and Atego truck series and to special-purpose vehicles from Mercedes-Benz Trucks. The latter include the Mercedes-Benz Econic and the legendary Unimog, for example. Our comprehensive range is rounded off by the Mercedes-Benz Zetros, which has been designed as an off-road truck for deployment in extremely rough terrain. BUSES The world’s first motorised bus was built in Germany by Karl Benz in 1895, some years before Gottlieb Daimler also started to build and sell buses in Germany as well. By 1898 both Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, then rivals, were exporting their buses to Wales and England. Soon Daimler products were sold in the British Empire in a partnership with the British company Milnes. Milnes-Daimler developed a double-decker in 1902 and provided a bus for the first motorised bus service in the United Kingdom the following year. Though the company met success in selling buses throughout the British Empire, the partnership between Daimler and Milnes had to be undone due to the First World War. CARS Mercedes-Benz carries a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in multiple countries worldwide. The Smart marque of city cars and Maybach luxury cars are also produced by Daimler AG. Between 2003 and 2009, Mercedes-Benz produced a limited-production sports car with McLaren Cars. The resulting Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren was an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One racing team, which was then part owned by Mercedes. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MERCEDES Strength: 1. Mercedes Benz has a strong brand value and global leader in premium cars 2. Lack of capital constraints 3. Leader in innovation i.e. 1st to introduce diesel engines, fuel injection and anti locking brakes 4. More than $12bn allocated for R&D 5. Strong presence in motor sport under McLaren Mercedes 6. Manufactured and assembled in over 20 countries across the world 7. Mercedes holds patents on the majority of safety features Weakness 8. High maintenance cost of Mercedes Benz cars Opportunity: 1. Developing hybrid cars and fuel efficient cars for the future 2. Tapping emerging markets across the world and building a global brand 3. Fast growing luxury automobile market & increased income Threats: 1. Government policies for the automobile sector across the world 2. Ever increasing fuel prices 3. Intense competition from global automobile brands

The Movie Apocalypse Now Is Directed By Francis Ford Coppola

The movie Apocalypse Now is directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1985. The genre is drama along with a theme of good vs. evil, and man vs. self. The movie is based on a burned out soldier during the Vietnam war, who has been ordered to kill another U.S Soldier who has become a renegade and insane. While, without the sound effects in the first five minutes, the shot can set the tone of the movie. However, two types of sound effects used in the first five minutes make the tone of this movie. The first sounds being asynchronous sound effects. The opening of the movie starts out with a black screen and silence. Next comes a fade in shot of a line of palm trees, here is the first asynchronous sound effect, the use of helicopter sounds. The synchronous sound effect is used as a helicopter flies in an extreme close-up shot. Next shot is that of yellow smoke coming up from the bottom of the screen. The second sound effect is music. As the yellow smoke rises up from the bottom of the screen the song â€Å"The end†, by the Doors starts to play. The song starts out slow just like the smoke rolling up from the bottom. Then as the song intensives so does the smoke. At a minute in to the movie the sound of helicopters is used, while the music continues to play. As the smoke continues to roll in front of the palm trees, there is the landing gear of a helicopter. The palm trees become fully engulfed with fire, like a bomb being dropped on them. The song lyrics come in starting with theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Apocalypse Now Directed By Francis Ford Coppola912 Words   |  4 Pageswho knows if there even is a Hell; but for a group of soldiers led by U.S Captain of special operations Benjamin Willard in the film Apocalypse Now directed by Francis Ford Coppola, their Hell is all too real. Though it was not in the form of fire and demons, but in the Cambodian jung le during Vietnam. 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Crime And The Criminal Justice System Essay - 1887 Words

Community Courts could very well be one of the best things to happen to not only the criminal justice system in the past 10 years or so but for the community also. Rather than sending people for mild offenses to prison for their crimes, such as minor drug crimes, they get the opportunity to rehabilitate back into society and contribute to society as a citizen. Personally, community courts are a fantastic attribute of the criminal justice system. They keep people that shouldn’t be in prison (people addicted to drugs, people who made mistakes in life such as vandalizing or burglarizing a home) out of prison and give them a second chance. Regional treatment courts (drug courts) often play a large role in getting people off of drugs and out of prison. People shouldn’t be in prison for petty things such as having a small amount of marijuana, or any drug at that. Drug addiction is a psychological issue, not physical issues, and drug courts help bring a realization to this to the criminal justice system. Drug courts were introduced into the criminal justice system in the year of 1989, in Miami-Dade County, Florida. There was a significant number of people reoffending for minor drug charges. Courts were becoming flooded with the minor charges and were tired of dealing with the same people, so they made an alternative to traditional courts known as drug rehabilitation courts. These courts were designed to, instead of sending drug-addicted offenders to prison and releasingShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed various aspects of crime and criminality. 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The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pageshas always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal elem ent that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when itRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system with how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreCrime and the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system and the process have molded the laws of the United States to its current existence. The judicial system is designed to punish those who commit crimes against one another and for those who break the laws in other ways. According to Pearson (2012), crime can be defined as conduct in violation of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Pearson (2012)Read MoreCrime And Criminal Justice System974 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolled by policing to deal with the ‘problem’ of ‘crime’. Although there are various perceptions of what ‘crime’ is and means, we can view it as an offence or act which is able to be punished by the Law. Despite this, the Police arguably omit ‘crimes’ caused by particular individuals or groups such as; the bourgeois and white males and females. Many occasions these responses deny less privileged and minority groups equality within the criminal justice system, furthermore breaking the rule of Law. An ideologyRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigationsRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The criminal justice system has evolved on the decades. From initially being constituted by the victim to eventually becoming constituted by written laws. There have been several changes made within the justice system, so in the following I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/present

The Theory Of Child Development - 935 Words

Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of child development. Kohlberg believed that there were six stages of child development. He divided those stages into three levels of development. Level one; pre-conventional morality, a child doesn’t have a personal code of mortality and instead, their moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking of adult rules. Level two; conventional morality, adolescents and adults begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. Lastly level three; post conventional morality, an Individuals judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual’s rights and justice. Level one consists of stages one and two. In stage one obedience and punishment orientation occur. The individual is well behaved because he doesn’t want to be punished and if he is punished then he knows he mu st have done something wrong. In stage two individualism and exchange occur. The individual knows that there is more than one interpretation and perception of what is right from a high authority and that different authority has different sense of right. Stages three and four make up level two. Good interpersonal relationships make up stage three. The individual is well behaved because he wants to be seen as a good person by others because he needs the approval of others. Stage four is maintaining the socialShow MoreRelatedChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 PagesChild Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June 29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives, insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to the early 20th century little interest was paid to how a child developed; indeed most early research appears to be based on abnormal childhood behaviour (Oates etRead MoreChild Development Theories1560 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development: An Examination of Three Theories There are a lot of theories regarding child development. Three of these theories are Bioecological Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory and Information-Processing Theory. This paper will discuss these theories by comparing and contrasting them. The first theory is the Bioecological Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is based on the nature vs. nurture idea. Bronfenbrenner believed development of a child was determinedRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development858 Words   |  4 PagesSocial scientists have given us several theories on child development. There have been three influential theories that have really shaped how we look at the subject. Each one of these theories offers an insightful perspective that has been very influential in how we view child development. The first theory, we will delve into is George Herbert Meads Theory of the Social Self which focused on social interaction with developing human beings. Meads believed that, â€Å"a symbolic interactionist, saw theRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development1053 Words   |  5 PagesArt educators that consider theories of child development when creating lesson plans, are more effective. As art educators, we understand that it is our respon sibility to educate ourselves on the latest research of art development in order to better serve our educational institutions through providing a quality art education for the future generations of innovators in America. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development stages thoroughly explain the biological transition that occurs in elementary schoolRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 19th Century, little attention was given to children development. Emphasis were based upon what a child would become as they get older( Green 2013)However, it was investigated by human developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiatedRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1209 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to development psychology From the beginning of the history, child development was not given an importance but now majority of people have understood its importance. Attachment theory is one of the major theories of child development. According to Bowlby, attachment is characterized by specific behaviours in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened. There were number of issues that have been debated throughout the history of developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development2414 Words   |  10 Pagesa sound understanding of theories of child development so they can offer activities that are appropriate for the child’s particular stage of development (Early Education, 2012). This essay will compare and contrast key features of developmental theories by applying them to a particular aspect of child development, the aspect that will be investigated is language acquisition. This essay will consider differing theories of language development such as the be haviourist theory proposed by Skinner (1957)Read MoreThe Theory of Child Development1636 Words   |  7 Pages The theory of child development, Temperament, is what this case study is based off of. Temperament is a person’s style of reacting to the world and relating to others. I will be judging â€Å"Alice† on the nine temperament traits on a ten point scale. Alice is my 2 year old cousin who knows me well because I frequently babysit her. I recently observed her personality on the nine traits. These traits include; intensity, persistence, sensitivity, perceptiveness, adaptability, regularity, energy, firstRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development878 Words   |  4 Pages Urie Bronfenbrenner was a developmental psychologist whose theory of child development really spoke to me. Relating to the microsystem and mesosystem was extremely natural for me. The microsystem is made up of the people or groups you have direct contact with, such as a professor or family member. The mesosystem is the interactions that occur between the microsystems, such as there being a family issue but that issue effecting not only yourself but causing you to have trouble at school or work place

Project Management and Contract Administration

Question: Discuss about the Project Management and Contract Administration. Answer: Introduction: Project management combined with contract administration emphasises on the application of skill, knowledge, tools and techniques in meeting the requirements of the project. Their role starts with projects feasibility study and continues till the completion and commissioning of the project, as per Barnes Doidge, (2010). A poor contract administration enhances the project costs and also hinders smooth management of the project. Project Schedule Scheduling the project and maintaining the schedule are two important aspects of construction cost control. An increased project duration increases the cost of materials as well as the indirect costs. Therefore it is essential to consider cost estimation for efficiency of a construction project, say Christensen Duncan, (2004). Contractor's Site Management (CSM) CSM is the second most essential factor which can improve cost management and help in the reduction of projects cost overruns. A better site management by the contractor shall significantly affect productivity and this also reflects in the projects progress, as per Christensen Duncan, (2004). Construction Site Conditions Site conditions are the major contributors towards increased construction costs. These include wetlands, poor soil conditions, contaminated materials, conflicting utilities, such as underground storage tanks, cables and pipe as well as overhead lines. An area with endangered species, habitat which is environmentally sensitivity, archaeological sites, poor ground water conditions, a river or stream crossing, heavy traffic and such other existing conditions can increase the cost of the project after the construction commences in case these factors have not been considered during initial estimation of the project. Design and Documentation Design marks the initial road map and acts as a systematic guide in leading to the completion of a project, while documentation, such as costing, tendering and scheduling play an equally important role in monitoring the projects progress. A poor design or an unplanned documentation can leads to poor performance of the project. Such issues can result because of lack of experience or skill of either the consultant or contractor if proper working drawings and specifications are not provided by the consultant or are not efficiently managed by the contractor on site, assert Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Information and Communication System (ICS) This is another factor that creates a major impact on cost overruns in case the groups involved in the construction project, which include Consultants, Contractors and Sub-contractors are not provided with an effective ICS. Lack of a fast mode of data sharing among the participants can hamper their ability to take quick decisions with regard to unexpected problems which may occur during the execution of the project. Slow flow of information is considered to be an important cause of construction cost overruns. A fast and accurate ICT helps in improved coordination among the personnel involved in the project and this can reduce discrepancies. Material, Machinery and Labour Related Factors Materials are the backbone of a construction project and on an average account for 70% of the total cost of a project. Hence, it is essential that the project management places an efficient material management system in place for achieving timely completion of the project and to avoid any cost overruns, say Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Inflation Factor A construction project will run for years before it achieves completion and commissioning. During the course of the construction period, cost of labour, materials, equipment and tools can increase. A well planned project takes into account such contingencies during the cost estimation process, as per Mena, (2011). Outline Proposl Cost Introduction While planning a hotel, especially a budget hotel as is being planned in this case study, it is essential to balance the various layout, functional and aesthetic issues which can meet the needs of the guests, the staff as well as the owner. A well planned design, which takes into account all the activities which are required to be conducted in the hotel, allocates requisite space for them and helps in establishing a seamless relationships between these spaces. Although the developer works with an architect designer for developing the outlay, it is the developer who is solely responsible for ensuring that the design of the building is competent to accomplish the goals set out for the hotel, says Marsden, (2011). Designing and Planning Developing an effective and efficient design of the guestroom areas is critical for the initial development and budgeting process of the hotel. A low-rise hotel having 4 levels, inclusive of the ground level, as planned in this case study, is built with a design having guestrooms on both sides of the corridor, commonly termed as the "double-loaded" slab design. The design of guestrooms in such Budget Hotels is based on the locale and target markets for which these are developed. Budget hotels are a mix of guestrooms, which comprise of rooms having a king or queen bed or having two double beds, so as to suite the varying demands of the guests. Hence, planning the guestrooms should be conducted with careful consideration of the activities of the guests who shall come to occupy these room, as per Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). While finalising the design, the architect is required to keep the developer's vision foremost in mind and add the most appropriate look and feel so as to portray the level of service quality to be offered by the hotel, keeping the demand of the locale and surroundings. It is normal for guestrooms of budget hotels in tropical locations to layout tile floors in all the room and covering them with mats or rugs so as to soften the feel and look of the living areas along with providing the much needed comfort. However, in an urban area, such an outlay would be highly inappropriate as the temperate climate makes it unsuitable. Here, the combination of carpet and wood is most suitable, with tile floors to be confined only for the bathroom, asserts Parker, (2012). Another important factor to be kept in view is that budget hotels for vacationers who stay for longer periods require larger closets as compared to the urban area budget hotels where the guests come for an average stay of one to t hree days. The lobby of a budget hotel should not only function as the hotel's "front office", it should also be planned as an important transition space. This is the place where the guest makes a transition from a hectic and arduous journey to the peace and serenity of the hotel. If the lobby is well planned and laid-out, the guests would not even notice the crowd and feel welcomed, as per Parker, (2012). The next best is the reception desk, which should have an inviting look. These two spaces make the guest at home and they circulate effortlessly within the hotel without feeling lost or disoriented. Construction Costs The aim of budget planning is to apprise the developers about the total cost of the project. The cost of a hotel project is either calculated on per sq mtr area basis or on the basis of total number of rooms to be built. However, for budget hotel planning, the economical way of calculating the project cost is to calculate the construction costs adopting per sq mtr area costing process and the number of room basis for fit-outs. In this case study, there are two options given for evaluating the project cost. From the given diagrams, the calculations on the basis of sq mtr area of both the sites show that the plot of Scheme-A is 1130 sq mtr and for Scheme-B plot is also of 1130 sq mtr area, says Spoehr (ed), (2009). SCHEME A Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant and with air-conditioning but excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 3,300 14,916,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 42,000 3,360,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 20,988,000 SCHEME B Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant but without air-conditioning and excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 2,000 9,040,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 30,000 2,400,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 14,152,000 Construction Cost Escalation The escalation allowance, usually a percentage, is the contingency which is added to the construction estimates for future inflation in costs of materials and labour from the date of preparing estimates to the date of awarding the contract. This budget was prepared using the 2014 Guide and it was observed there was a zero escalation in all areas, assert Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Conclusion You will find that planning and programming are important, but difficult, parts of the hotel development process. Programming a hotel involves defining the activities to be conducted within and in the surroundings of the hotel property, establishing relationships among the activity areas and allocating appropriate amount of space for each activity. It is the developer who is responsible for preparing a program which is consistent with the hotel's vision and positioning, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Ten Internal Factors Apart from the costs shown above, the other construction costs known as Soft Costs associated with the budget hotel project include the following development costs, assert Christensen Duncan, (2004). 1. Advertising and Marketing 2. Appraisals 3. Architectural and Engineering Fees 4. Contract Contingencies 5. Equipment and Furnishings 6. Insurance Premiums 7. Interest Charges and Lenders Fee 8. Legal Fee 9. Management Costs 10. Permits and Development Charges The value of these services depends on the type of the building, amenities provided and the design adopted. Another important requirement, though optional, is the cost of providing underground parking and this is usually 30% of the construction cost, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Finally, after the developer has completed the project, the designers involvement shifts from designing the building to testing the strategic options proposed in the design. At this juncture of the project, the focus of both the developer and the designer shifts to the following activities: Identifying the needs of the guests. Here, the value management techniques become useful for both, the developer and the designer while identifying the important needs of the arriving guests. Matching the identified needs with the available resources that the developer and the designer have made available to the visiting guests. At this stage, even the architects, engineers and quantity surveyors are invited to get involved in surveys as well as reviews of the building stock. Identifying different options for meeting the requirements. For a successful and long run of the hotel, these options should be substantially different, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Room Size The size of the rooms affects the overall construction cost per sq. m. hence, if the hotel is planned with more rooms of smaller size, the construction cost will become high. Furnishings, Fittings and Environment (FFE) FFE is concerned with providing a sense of comfort, invitation and a relaxing environments along with the services provided. Furnishings and fittings should be strong and durable yet comfortable. Budget hotels are required to add function spaces which provide comfort and are designed to enhance the hotel's services, assert Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). Foods and Beverages (FB) Budget hotels know that the hotels FB have to compete with excellent services of the domestic rivals, hence many select-service budget hotels have only a single, multipurpose area which serves as a combined breakfast area, coffee shop and fast food serving lounge in the morning and is transformed into a bar with a limited-menu dining room during the evenings. This is because the standard cost of the restaurant area in a budget hotel depends on the theme and supporting design and this could be in the range between $2,500 and $7,000+ per sq. m. Similarly, the cost of the kitchen area would be about $2,800 to $3,200+ per sq. m, says Marsden, (2011). IT Provision In budget hotels this is kept simple by providing a wireless access point in the guestroom or by extending the wireless internet within the hotel. The cost of providing IT is about 2% to 5% of MEP cost and depends on the extent of services provided. Federal Provincial Sales Tax The above noted service costs are exclusive of Goods Services Tax (GST) and the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), but are inclusive of the Provincial Sales Tax, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). List of References Barnes, R. and Doidge, G. 2010, Managing Your Investment Property: The Essential Guide to Property Management in Australia and New Zealand. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Christensen, S. and Duncan, W.D. 2004, Professional Liability and Property Transactions. Federation Press, Annandale, NSW. Emerald Gems (ed). 2015, Built Environment and Property Management: A Focus on Australia. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Gruis, V. and Nieboer, N. (ed). 2013, Asset Management in the Social Rented Sector: Policy and Practice in Europe and Australia. Springer Science Business Media, Berlin. Marsden, S. 2011, Business, Charity and Sentiment: The South Australian Housing Trust. Wakefield Press, Kent Town, SA. Marshall, A., Williams, N. and Morgan, J. (ed). 2015, Land of Sweeping Plains: Managing and Restoring the Native Grasslands of South-eastern Australia. Csiro Publishing, Clayton South, VIC. Mena, A. 2011, Your Inner Journey to Wealth: A Guide to Developing a Millionaire Mindset. Xlibris Corporation, New York. Parker, D. 2012, Global Real Estate Investment Trusts: People, Process and Management. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Spoehr, J. (ed). 2009, State of South Australia: From Crisis to Prosperity? Wakefield Press, Kent Town.

The History of Jazz Dance free essay sample

In Africa, natives danced to celebrate cycles of life such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Child, adults, and the elderly depended on jazz dance to express their culture and beliefs. People from Africa who were later sold into the slave trade around the late 1 asss to mid asss brought the dance with them to the Southern plantations in which they now lived on. The dance took on more of a European style over time. The only place where jazz danced stayed in its original African form was Congo Square in New Orleans. Slaves were allowed to dance while being supervised by French and Spanish Catholics. The Catholics believed that by letting the slaves dance, they could monitor them to make sure they werent planning escapes or practicing voodoo rituals. After seeing the slaves dance, whites began to paint their faces black and began copying their styles.The very first dance to imitate slave dancers was by Thomas Rice in 1828. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Jazz Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was called Jump Jim Crow. It copied the movement of a slave who had been crippled. This became the basis for the era of American entertainment founded on stereotyping slave dancers. The movement quickly spread to the audience and public, and the result was that dances like the Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woozier and Swing began to develop.