Crime And The Criminal Justice System Essay - 1887 Words

Community Courts could very well be one of the best things to happen to not only the criminal justice system in the past 10 years or so but for the community also. Rather than sending people for mild offenses to prison for their crimes, such as minor drug crimes, they get the opportunity to rehabilitate back into society and contribute to society as a citizen. Personally, community courts are a fantastic attribute of the criminal justice system. They keep people that shouldn’t be in prison (people addicted to drugs, people who made mistakes in life such as vandalizing or burglarizing a home) out of prison and give them a second chance. Regional treatment courts (drug courts) often play a large role in getting people off of drugs and out of prison. People shouldn’t be in prison for petty things such as having a small amount of marijuana, or any drug at that. Drug addiction is a psychological issue, not physical issues, and drug courts help bring a realization to this to the criminal justice system. Drug courts were introduced into the criminal justice system in the year of 1989, in Miami-Dade County, Florida. There was a significant number of people reoffending for minor drug charges. Courts were becoming flooded with the minor charges and were tired of dealing with the same people, so they made an alternative to traditional courts known as drug rehabilitation courts. These courts were designed to, instead of sending drug-addicted offenders to prison and releasingShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed various aspects of crime and criminality. Through continued study and ongoing research, criminologists have developed various theories as per the causes of different types of crime, whether or not some individuals are predisposed to certain types of criminal activity, legal processes of the criminal justice system, and how criminal offenders are processed. Canada’s criminal justice system comprises and constitutes various stages and components. The criminal justice system is a significant toolRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers narrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System963 Words   |  4 Pagesnews reports, crime daily. Crime is something that we cannot run from in today’s society; so we depend highly upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a major concern. Criminal Justice consists o f three areas: our police, courts and corrections department. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by these agencies, and established by the governments to help control the crimes and applies penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there toRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1266 Words   |  6 Pages The criminal justice system in England and Wales is made up of multiple agencies which all have different responsibilities, however they share the main objective of maintaining and enforcing the rule of law. The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pageshas always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal elem ent that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when itRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system with how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreCrime and the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system and the process have molded the laws of the United States to its current existence. The judicial system is designed to punish those who commit crimes against one another and for those who break the laws in other ways. According to Pearson (2012), crime can be defined as conduct in violation of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Pearson (2012)Read MoreCrime And Criminal Justice System974 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolled by policing to deal with the ‘problem’ of ‘crime’. Although there are various perceptions of what ‘crime’ is and means, we can view it as an offence or act which is able to be punished by the Law. Despite this, the Police arguably omit ‘crimes’ caused by particular individuals or groups such as; the bourgeois and white males and females. Many occasions these responses deny less privileged and minority groups equality within the criminal justice system, furthermore breaking the rule of Law. An ideologyRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigationsRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The criminal justice system has evolved on the decades. From initially being constituted by the victim to eventually becoming constituted by written laws. There have been several changes made within the justice system, so in the following I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/present

The Theory Of Child Development - 935 Words

Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of child development. Kohlberg believed that there were six stages of child development. He divided those stages into three levels of development. Level one; pre-conventional morality, a child doesn’t have a personal code of mortality and instead, their moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking of adult rules. Level two; conventional morality, adolescents and adults begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. Lastly level three; post conventional morality, an Individuals judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual’s rights and justice. Level one consists of stages one and two. In stage one obedience and punishment orientation occur. The individual is well behaved because he doesn’t want to be punished and if he is punished then he knows he mu st have done something wrong. In stage two individualism and exchange occur. The individual knows that there is more than one interpretation and perception of what is right from a high authority and that different authority has different sense of right. Stages three and four make up level two. Good interpersonal relationships make up stage three. The individual is well behaved because he wants to be seen as a good person by others because he needs the approval of others. Stage four is maintaining the socialShow MoreRelatedChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 PagesChild Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June 29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives, insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to the early 20th century little interest was paid to how a child developed; indeed most early research appears to be based on abnormal childhood behaviour (Oates etRead MoreChild Development Theories1560 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development: An Examination of Three Theories There are a lot of theories regarding child development. Three of these theories are Bioecological Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory and Information-Processing Theory. This paper will discuss these theories by comparing and contrasting them. The first theory is the Bioecological Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is based on the nature vs. nurture idea. Bronfenbrenner believed development of a child was determinedRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development858 Words   |  4 PagesSocial scientists have given us several theories on child development. There have been three influential theories that have really shaped how we look at the subject. Each one of these theories offers an insightful perspective that has been very influential in how we view child development. The first theory, we will delve into is George Herbert Meads Theory of the Social Self which focused on social interaction with developing human beings. Meads believed that, â€Å"a symbolic interactionist, saw theRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development1053 Words   |  5 PagesArt educators that consider theories of child development when creating lesson plans, are more effective. As art educators, we understand that it is our respon sibility to educate ourselves on the latest research of art development in order to better serve our educational institutions through providing a quality art education for the future generations of innovators in America. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development stages thoroughly explain the biological transition that occurs in elementary schoolRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 19th Century, little attention was given to children development. Emphasis were based upon what a child would become as they get older( Green 2013)However, it was investigated by human developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiatedRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1209 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to development psychology From the beginning of the history, child development was not given an importance but now majority of people have understood its importance. Attachment theory is one of the major theories of child development. According to Bowlby, attachment is characterized by specific behaviours in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened. There were number of issues that have been debated throughout the history of developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development2414 Words   |  10 Pagesa sound understanding of theories of child development so they can offer activities that are appropriate for the child’s particular stage of development (Early Education, 2012). This essay will compare and contrast key features of developmental theories by applying them to a particular aspect of child development, the aspect that will be investigated is language acquisition. This essay will consider differing theories of language development such as the be haviourist theory proposed by Skinner (1957)Read MoreThe Theory of Child Development1636 Words   |  7 Pages The theory of child development, Temperament, is what this case study is based off of. Temperament is a person’s style of reacting to the world and relating to others. I will be judging â€Å"Alice† on the nine temperament traits on a ten point scale. Alice is my 2 year old cousin who knows me well because I frequently babysit her. I recently observed her personality on the nine traits. These traits include; intensity, persistence, sensitivity, perceptiveness, adaptability, regularity, energy, firstRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development878 Words   |  4 Pages Urie Bronfenbrenner was a developmental psychologist whose theory of child development really spoke to me. Relating to the microsystem and mesosystem was extremely natural for me. The microsystem is made up of the people or groups you have direct contact with, such as a professor or family member. The mesosystem is the interactions that occur between the microsystems, such as there being a family issue but that issue effecting not only yourself but causing you to have trouble at school or work place

Project Management and Contract Administration

Question: Discuss about the Project Management and Contract Administration. Answer: Introduction: Project management combined with contract administration emphasises on the application of skill, knowledge, tools and techniques in meeting the requirements of the project. Their role starts with projects feasibility study and continues till the completion and commissioning of the project, as per Barnes Doidge, (2010). A poor contract administration enhances the project costs and also hinders smooth management of the project. Project Schedule Scheduling the project and maintaining the schedule are two important aspects of construction cost control. An increased project duration increases the cost of materials as well as the indirect costs. Therefore it is essential to consider cost estimation for efficiency of a construction project, say Christensen Duncan, (2004). Contractor's Site Management (CSM) CSM is the second most essential factor which can improve cost management and help in the reduction of projects cost overruns. A better site management by the contractor shall significantly affect productivity and this also reflects in the projects progress, as per Christensen Duncan, (2004). Construction Site Conditions Site conditions are the major contributors towards increased construction costs. These include wetlands, poor soil conditions, contaminated materials, conflicting utilities, such as underground storage tanks, cables and pipe as well as overhead lines. An area with endangered species, habitat which is environmentally sensitivity, archaeological sites, poor ground water conditions, a river or stream crossing, heavy traffic and such other existing conditions can increase the cost of the project after the construction commences in case these factors have not been considered during initial estimation of the project. Design and Documentation Design marks the initial road map and acts as a systematic guide in leading to the completion of a project, while documentation, such as costing, tendering and scheduling play an equally important role in monitoring the projects progress. A poor design or an unplanned documentation can leads to poor performance of the project. Such issues can result because of lack of experience or skill of either the consultant or contractor if proper working drawings and specifications are not provided by the consultant or are not efficiently managed by the contractor on site, assert Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Information and Communication System (ICS) This is another factor that creates a major impact on cost overruns in case the groups involved in the construction project, which include Consultants, Contractors and Sub-contractors are not provided with an effective ICS. Lack of a fast mode of data sharing among the participants can hamper their ability to take quick decisions with regard to unexpected problems which may occur during the execution of the project. Slow flow of information is considered to be an important cause of construction cost overruns. A fast and accurate ICT helps in improved coordination among the personnel involved in the project and this can reduce discrepancies. Material, Machinery and Labour Related Factors Materials are the backbone of a construction project and on an average account for 70% of the total cost of a project. Hence, it is essential that the project management places an efficient material management system in place for achieving timely completion of the project and to avoid any cost overruns, say Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Inflation Factor A construction project will run for years before it achieves completion and commissioning. During the course of the construction period, cost of labour, materials, equipment and tools can increase. A well planned project takes into account such contingencies during the cost estimation process, as per Mena, (2011). Outline Proposl Cost Introduction While planning a hotel, especially a budget hotel as is being planned in this case study, it is essential to balance the various layout, functional and aesthetic issues which can meet the needs of the guests, the staff as well as the owner. A well planned design, which takes into account all the activities which are required to be conducted in the hotel, allocates requisite space for them and helps in establishing a seamless relationships between these spaces. Although the developer works with an architect designer for developing the outlay, it is the developer who is solely responsible for ensuring that the design of the building is competent to accomplish the goals set out for the hotel, says Marsden, (2011). Designing and Planning Developing an effective and efficient design of the guestroom areas is critical for the initial development and budgeting process of the hotel. A low-rise hotel having 4 levels, inclusive of the ground level, as planned in this case study, is built with a design having guestrooms on both sides of the corridor, commonly termed as the "double-loaded" slab design. The design of guestrooms in such Budget Hotels is based on the locale and target markets for which these are developed. Budget hotels are a mix of guestrooms, which comprise of rooms having a king or queen bed or having two double beds, so as to suite the varying demands of the guests. Hence, planning the guestrooms should be conducted with careful consideration of the activities of the guests who shall come to occupy these room, as per Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). While finalising the design, the architect is required to keep the developer's vision foremost in mind and add the most appropriate look and feel so as to portray the level of service quality to be offered by the hotel, keeping the demand of the locale and surroundings. It is normal for guestrooms of budget hotels in tropical locations to layout tile floors in all the room and covering them with mats or rugs so as to soften the feel and look of the living areas along with providing the much needed comfort. However, in an urban area, such an outlay would be highly inappropriate as the temperate climate makes it unsuitable. Here, the combination of carpet and wood is most suitable, with tile floors to be confined only for the bathroom, asserts Parker, (2012). Another important factor to be kept in view is that budget hotels for vacationers who stay for longer periods require larger closets as compared to the urban area budget hotels where the guests come for an average stay of one to t hree days. The lobby of a budget hotel should not only function as the hotel's "front office", it should also be planned as an important transition space. This is the place where the guest makes a transition from a hectic and arduous journey to the peace and serenity of the hotel. If the lobby is well planned and laid-out, the guests would not even notice the crowd and feel welcomed, as per Parker, (2012). The next best is the reception desk, which should have an inviting look. These two spaces make the guest at home and they circulate effortlessly within the hotel without feeling lost or disoriented. Construction Costs The aim of budget planning is to apprise the developers about the total cost of the project. The cost of a hotel project is either calculated on per sq mtr area basis or on the basis of total number of rooms to be built. However, for budget hotel planning, the economical way of calculating the project cost is to calculate the construction costs adopting per sq mtr area costing process and the number of room basis for fit-outs. In this case study, there are two options given for evaluating the project cost. From the given diagrams, the calculations on the basis of sq mtr area of both the sites show that the plot of Scheme-A is 1130 sq mtr and for Scheme-B plot is also of 1130 sq mtr area, says Spoehr (ed), (2009). SCHEME A Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant and with air-conditioning but excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 3,300 14,916,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 42,000 3,360,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 20,988,000 SCHEME B Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant but without air-conditioning and excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 2,000 9,040,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 30,000 2,400,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 14,152,000 Construction Cost Escalation The escalation allowance, usually a percentage, is the contingency which is added to the construction estimates for future inflation in costs of materials and labour from the date of preparing estimates to the date of awarding the contract. This budget was prepared using the 2014 Guide and it was observed there was a zero escalation in all areas, assert Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Conclusion You will find that planning and programming are important, but difficult, parts of the hotel development process. Programming a hotel involves defining the activities to be conducted within and in the surroundings of the hotel property, establishing relationships among the activity areas and allocating appropriate amount of space for each activity. It is the developer who is responsible for preparing a program which is consistent with the hotel's vision and positioning, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Ten Internal Factors Apart from the costs shown above, the other construction costs known as Soft Costs associated with the budget hotel project include the following development costs, assert Christensen Duncan, (2004). 1. Advertising and Marketing 2. Appraisals 3. Architectural and Engineering Fees 4. Contract Contingencies 5. Equipment and Furnishings 6. Insurance Premiums 7. Interest Charges and Lenders Fee 8. Legal Fee 9. Management Costs 10. Permits and Development Charges The value of these services depends on the type of the building, amenities provided and the design adopted. Another important requirement, though optional, is the cost of providing underground parking and this is usually 30% of the construction cost, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Finally, after the developer has completed the project, the designers involvement shifts from designing the building to testing the strategic options proposed in the design. At this juncture of the project, the focus of both the developer and the designer shifts to the following activities: Identifying the needs of the guests. Here, the value management techniques become useful for both, the developer and the designer while identifying the important needs of the arriving guests. Matching the identified needs with the available resources that the developer and the designer have made available to the visiting guests. At this stage, even the architects, engineers and quantity surveyors are invited to get involved in surveys as well as reviews of the building stock. Identifying different options for meeting the requirements. For a successful and long run of the hotel, these options should be substantially different, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Room Size The size of the rooms affects the overall construction cost per sq. m. hence, if the hotel is planned with more rooms of smaller size, the construction cost will become high. Furnishings, Fittings and Environment (FFE) FFE is concerned with providing a sense of comfort, invitation and a relaxing environments along with the services provided. Furnishings and fittings should be strong and durable yet comfortable. Budget hotels are required to add function spaces which provide comfort and are designed to enhance the hotel's services, assert Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). Foods and Beverages (FB) Budget hotels know that the hotels FB have to compete with excellent services of the domestic rivals, hence many select-service budget hotels have only a single, multipurpose area which serves as a combined breakfast area, coffee shop and fast food serving lounge in the morning and is transformed into a bar with a limited-menu dining room during the evenings. This is because the standard cost of the restaurant area in a budget hotel depends on the theme and supporting design and this could be in the range between $2,500 and $7,000+ per sq. m. Similarly, the cost of the kitchen area would be about $2,800 to $3,200+ per sq. m, says Marsden, (2011). IT Provision In budget hotels this is kept simple by providing a wireless access point in the guestroom or by extending the wireless internet within the hotel. The cost of providing IT is about 2% to 5% of MEP cost and depends on the extent of services provided. Federal Provincial Sales Tax The above noted service costs are exclusive of Goods Services Tax (GST) and the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), but are inclusive of the Provincial Sales Tax, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). List of References Barnes, R. and Doidge, G. 2010, Managing Your Investment Property: The Essential Guide to Property Management in Australia and New Zealand. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Christensen, S. and Duncan, W.D. 2004, Professional Liability and Property Transactions. Federation Press, Annandale, NSW. Emerald Gems (ed). 2015, Built Environment and Property Management: A Focus on Australia. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Gruis, V. and Nieboer, N. (ed). 2013, Asset Management in the Social Rented Sector: Policy and Practice in Europe and Australia. Springer Science Business Media, Berlin. Marsden, S. 2011, Business, Charity and Sentiment: The South Australian Housing Trust. Wakefield Press, Kent Town, SA. Marshall, A., Williams, N. and Morgan, J. (ed). 2015, Land of Sweeping Plains: Managing and Restoring the Native Grasslands of South-eastern Australia. Csiro Publishing, Clayton South, VIC. Mena, A. 2011, Your Inner Journey to Wealth: A Guide to Developing a Millionaire Mindset. Xlibris Corporation, New York. Parker, D. 2012, Global Real Estate Investment Trusts: People, Process and Management. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Spoehr, J. (ed). 2009, State of South Australia: From Crisis to Prosperity? Wakefield Press, Kent Town.

The History of Jazz Dance free essay sample

In Africa, natives danced to celebrate cycles of life such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Child, adults, and the elderly depended on jazz dance to express their culture and beliefs. People from Africa who were later sold into the slave trade around the late 1 asss to mid asss brought the dance with them to the Southern plantations in which they now lived on. The dance took on more of a European style over time. The only place where jazz danced stayed in its original African form was Congo Square in New Orleans. Slaves were allowed to dance while being supervised by French and Spanish Catholics. The Catholics believed that by letting the slaves dance, they could monitor them to make sure they werent planning escapes or practicing voodoo rituals. After seeing the slaves dance, whites began to paint their faces black and began copying their styles.The very first dance to imitate slave dancers was by Thomas Rice in 1828. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Jazz Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was called Jump Jim Crow. It copied the movement of a slave who had been crippled. This became the basis for the era of American entertainment founded on stereotyping slave dancers. The movement quickly spread to the audience and public, and the result was that dances like the Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woozier and Swing began to develop.

Demings 14 Points Theory Explained

Demings 14 Points Theory Explained Read about 14 points of Total Quality Management concept a kind of guideline on management. Deming’s 14 Points Deming’s 14 Points are a set of guidelines for management presented in the Out of the Crisis, written by statistician W. Edward Deming in 1982. Deming is credited with inventing the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM) through the ideas presented in the book, although he did not invent the term â€Å"total quality management.† The central concept behind Deming’s management philosophy is that variation is the biggest obstacle to productivity; by following the 14 points, he reasoned, organizations could develop their own ways to reduce variation  and improve performance and competitiveness. Deming developed his ideas while working in Japan beginning shortly after the end of World War II. His work originally had nothing to do with business, but rather to apply his skill as a statistician to helping to conduct a census of the Japanese population. During the 1950s, Deming began teaching Japanese engineers â€Å"statistical process control,† a methodology that allowed for better quality control in production without applying new processes or equipment; the idea was enormously appealing to Japanese industry, particularly in the capital-lean years following the war, and for Deming’s contribution to resurrecting Japanese manufacturing, he received the rare honor of being awarded a medal by Emperor Hirohito in 1960. On a side note, that means that Japan’s position as a powerhouse in some industries, particularly automobiles and electronics, owes much of its success to an American statistician who had some free time on his hands while on an unrelated assignment. Pay attention in your math courses, kids; it might just make you a business god someday. Read also:  Five Components of Service Management  | Difference between  Leadership and Management Demings 14 Points explained Point 1: Create constancy of purpose to achieve quality. This is a suggestion to focus on long-term planning rather than a  short-term response to changing circumstances  and to align periodic planning with the organization’s overall mission and vision. Point 2: Adopt the quality way of thinking. The implication is that the implementation of the new, quality-oriented philosophy should be sincere; rather than simply imposing it on the workforce, management has to begin the transformation by changing its way of thinking first. Point 3: Stop depending on inspection to achieve quality. A basic premise of TQM is that quality control is integrated into production processes, therefore, dedicated quality control procedures, which are out of the normal process flow, are unnecessary and work against increasing efficiency. Point 4: End the practice of awarding business to suppliers on price alone instead minimize cost by working closely with only one or two vendors. The main idea here is to minimize variations in the quality and specifications of supplies and raw materials. Deming’s contention is that there is a greater net cost benefit to establishing long-term relationships in a supply chain rather than chasing lower prices. Point 5: Constantly improve every process involved in planning, production, and service. This, of course, is the fundamental idea behind TQM: continuous improvement as part of everyday practice. Point 6: Institute on-the-job training for all employees. This idea goes hand-in-hand with Point 5; if constant improvement is practiced in every other aspect of the business, it must be applied to the workforce as well. Point 7: Adopt and institute leadership. Leadership, as opposed to mere â€Å"management† or â€Å"supervision.† This idea is sometimes confusing  because Deming does not define the difference very clearly in his own work, although numerous others have tackled the question, with varying degrees of success. Point 8: Drive out fear from the work environment. Punitive management, that is, where the primary check on performance is to punish performance that is not up to the expected standards, is counterproductive because it discourages workers from working for the organization’s best interests. In other words, they are performing at the minimum level necessary to â€Å"stay out of trouble†, rather than trying to excel. Point 9: Break down barriers between the workers and the management. This point, as Deming discusses it, is not so much a statement on the form of organization but a prescription for another basic idea in TQM, that different parts of the organization have a supplier-customer relationship with one another. Point 10: Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets. In TQM, the presumption is that the likely source of variation and error is the process, rather than the people. Deming views slogans – the sort of thing one might see on those ubiquitous motivational posters – as useless at best, if the process that they are directed towards is not improved. Point 11: Eliminate quantity-quotas and targets for the workforce and management. This is related to Point 8; continuous improvement is not possible if some â€Å"endpoint† is established. The focus of the work will shift from seeking continuously improving quality and productivity to meeting a quantitative goal. Point 12: Remove barriers that rob people of their pride in workmanship, and eliminate the annual rating or merit system. This particular point is a bit difficult to interpret; Deming’s view is that merit-based performance rating is demotivating, and he ties it in with his general distaste for targets, quotas, and the â€Å"carrot-and-stick† approach to performance management. On the other hand, if taken to extremes this point could suggest that performance is not important, which would be an idea most managers would take exception to. Point 13: Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone. This point is simply an extension of the ideas in Points 5 and 6; â€Å"continuous improvement† must be applied to the people as well as processes. Point 14: Put everyone in the organization to work to accomplish the transformation. This point is related to Point 7; any organizational transformation must include everyone and not simply be imposed on the organization. The most common criticism of Deming’s 14 Points is that they do not provide any tools to carry out these ideas, and in many ways suggest that tools for measuring and management performance are counterproductive.  Deming himself provided little guidance to deflect this criticism; his position was that these were broad objectives  and that it was up to management to develop the means to reach them, according to their own organization’s unique circumstances. If you need a similar essay feel free to  ask our writers for help and place an order.

Persuasive Essay on Teenage Pregnancy

Persuasive Essay on Teenage Pregnancy Persuasive Essay on Teenage Pregnancy A persuasive essay targets to inform a particular group of readers about the detrimental impacts of a certain habit or activity. In the same way, a persuasive essay can also be intended to depict the positive side of an argument that is not favored by the majority in a group. For example, the head of communications in a large organization can write a persuasive report that presents the benefits of adopting new communication technology, say videoconferencing. When one writes a persuasive essay, he or she hopes to let somebody know that a change of behavior is necessary. In the end, the person that reads the persuasive essay will realize that he/she urgently needs to change from a costly, dangerous, or outdated practice and adopt a more effective alternative. Persuasive essays are mostly written when the issue being discussed has a likelihood of being highly resisted. Equally, writing a persuasive essay is the way to go when you are targeting a group of readers who have little or no awareness about the topic. For instance, young people nowadays engage in casual sex with little knowledge about the repercussions. Negative peer pressure and inappropriate media content are to blame for this trend. Over and above this, there are contraceptive advertisements all over that encourage young people to interact freely, knowing that they can always protect themselves when sexual urges emerge. In spite of all this, it is the responsibility of the society to shun premature sex. Parents have a duty to monitor their children’s’ behavior, but adequate information through persuasive essays can be helpful. The most effective persuasive essay on teenage pregnancy is one that is written using the direct approach. The implication of this is that the essay will begin with a summary of the dangers of teenage pregnancy. Usually, essays written in a direct format are attractive because the main argument catches the reader’s eye instantly. This leads him or her to desire to know the reasons why the writer has made the conclusion presented. Because teenagers often exhibit a tendency of instantaneously dismissing arguments that do not favor them, a direct approach will suppress this urge. Apart from employing directness in writing, the persuasive essay needs to incorporate recent statistics about teenage pregnancy. The written content of the essay will persuade the readers to change their view of early sexual activity. However, including several statistical examples to highlight the dangers of teenage pregnancy enhances the persuasive effect. For example, the writer can utilize the Internet to obtain statistics about the number of teenage deaths that were caused by unsafe abortions. In addition, if the writer can get hold of material written by a person whose future was ruined by teenage pregnancy, it would be better. The writer can also obtain the consent of prominent personalities to include their written advice on teenage pregnancy. Because making a decision is a personal matter, the writer can include a certain clause in the essay that encourages the reader to consult the writer for further advice or clarification if he/she needs to. Do you need help with writing a persuasive essay on this topic? Feel free to order a custom essay online at paper writing service now!

Postmodernism in Modern Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism in Modern Society - Research Paper Example There has been a contracting debate on postmodernism among architects and plastic and visual artists. As defined by architectures, postmodernism is taking half from the traditional ways of doing things and getting the others from supplementary sources to develop a blended component. It entails using modern approach to address traditional issues in architecture. The same thing applies to visual arts. In visual arts, postmodernism is the process of blending conventional arts with new arts. There has been mixture of traditional medium of printing and the modern means of printing and designing in modern visual arts. In music, postmodernism has a remarkable impact to the method of dancing, instruments used and the costumes used in dancing. Although traditional music does not significantly change, there are some aspects of the music which are affected by postmodernism. Change in music arts, styles, and costumes has an impact on artist way of living.1 Postmodernism in visual arts has a comp lex history. Many scholars in the field are not confident in using the term since they believe it wiped away practices and techniques that existed in the field over the last thirty years. Although, there is no agreement on the components appropriate to define the current changes in visual art, postmodern arts is described as the art developed after the diminish of modern arts in 1960s. The movement that defines postmodernism includes the pattern painting in the mid 1970s. During this time, Americans celebrated both non-geometric and geometric arts. Artists were reacting against the Puritanism of negligible and abstract arts. The second widespread movement was Neo-Expressionism which occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At this time, practitioners were advocating for the return of traditional sculptures and painting art. This movement was common among German expressionists. There was also another movement that occurred in mid 1980s called Neo-Geo. Practitioners in this movemen t were parodying the previous movements. They used Day-Glo colors to communicate their message. The actors in this movement were contradicting with Neo-Expressionist idea on postmodernism. The other commonly known movement was New British sculpture. This involved the sculptures of common artists at that time. According to them, there was decay in United Kingdom urban environment which led to waste of consumer community in the country. They also intended to explore the manners in which different objects were given meaning in the society. There was also Super-Realism movement which took place between 1960s and 1970s. This movement was also called Photo-Realism. The pioneers of this movement were trying to express their dissatisfaction with the application of photography in the arts of painting. Nevertheless, their concern was on technical predicament of putting light and tones on a surface instead of general verisimilitude.2 In general, postmodernism art is due to the reaction of mode rnist arts obsession. Postmodernism is the reintroduction of morals, ornaments and decorations in art and sculptures. At around 1967, art magazines were occupied with sleek cube form, but in 1969, this was substituted with photographic image, language, ongoing process and natural substances. Most of postmodern artists portray nonchalance in addressing mismatched styles. They combine different style in one art. In this case, they lack purity and uniformity in

Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Research - Essay Example This paper tries to analyze critically of two academic papers published in the European Journal of Business Management. One paper is titled â€Å"The Impact of Structural Capital on Business Performance in Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies.† The other is titled â€Å"The Effects of Customer Prospecting Methods on Sales Force Performance.† The papers have been selected to consider how they have approached their respective research methodologies to deal adequately with the research questions, but are analyzed separately. Both methods of research analysis will be considered; quantitative and qualitative, on how much they were used. The objective of the analysis is that it will try to highlight both the advantages and disadvantages of the research methodology used to arrive at the aims, objectives, and design and to propose an alternative strategy. This will result in either agreeing with the methodology or proposing a better methodology which could have adeq uately delivered on the research question. ... He sought to determine the influence of Structural Capital (SC) on Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (JPM) Companies’ Business Performance. The study surveyed 132 managers by administering a questionnaire. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics and correlation were used. According to the paper, to confirm the suitability of the data collection instrument, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, Cronbach’s Alpha and factor analysis as they were used. The findings were that there were significant positive relationship between SC and JMP Companies’ BP. This indicates that, SC performance can be clearly explained productivity and profitability more than market valuation. Objectives and rationale As a major research question of the study is to find out, â€Å"if there is a relationship between the direct impact of SC and JPM organization’s business performance.† The main objective is to provide useful recommendations about performance measur ement within SC context by identifying and trying to define the main attributes of productivity. This will extend to the quality of SC by pointing out critical factors of SC and to find out suitable ways for measurement and management context. The study developed a hypothesis which states that there is no significant impact SC on JPM organization’s BP. It went further to divide the hypothesis into three mini hypotheses. The first states that there is no significant impact of systems and programs (S&P) on JPM Company’s BP. The second hypothesis states that â€Å"there is no significant impact of research and development (R&D) on JPM Company’s BP.† The last is that, there I no significant

Human Growth and Development Essay Example for Free

Human Growth and Development Essay Human development is marked by different stages and milestones over the lifespan. It is expressed over three domains: physical, cognitive and socio/emotional. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development vary from culture to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of human lifespan development will lead to a better understanding of the appearance, perceptions and behaviors of the self and others. Adolescence is a demanding and critical period in life. Failure to meet certain developmental milestones can have serious short- and long-term implications for the individual and society at large. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development generally occurring during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, although its physical, psychological and cultural expressions can begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there have been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. Stages of Human Development The various stages of human development include the prenatal period, infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Each stage is marked by milestones in physical, cognitive, and socio/emotional development. 1. Physical Development Physical development has to do with the way that the human body develops over a lifespan. The most rapid and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From infancy to early childhood, the physical milestones include developing motor skills like learning to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, use tools like spoons and forks and use the rest room. From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and mass and get their first set of teeth. Middle childhood has only a few physical milestones, such as continued growth at a much slower rate and the gain of permanent teeth. Adolescence is the second most rapid and complex time of human development and is when the sexual maturation process begins. Females begin to grow breasts, their hips expand and they grow pubic hair and begin menstruation, which marks their physical ability to procreate. They may grow a few inches more in height. Males have significant growth spurts and develop facial and pubic hair, their voices deepen and they begin to have sperm-producing ejaculations, signifying their ability to procreate. Young adulthood is when humans are at the prime of their physical development. All of the systems are functioning optimally, making this the best time for reproduction. Middle adulthood brings the beginning of physical deterioration, such as the end of fertility in women, or menopause. The decrease in physical abilities and health for both sexes continues through late adulthood . 2. Cognitive Development Cognitive development has to do with the way humans perceive and experience the world and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition; the brain is still being developed. During infancy and early childhood, milestones like speaking, comprehension and object differentiation occur. Thoughts about the world are simplistic, and judgments are made in an either/or framework. Middle childhood brings the beginning of concrete and logical thinking, and adolescence brings about a phase where cognitive judgments are often overridden by feelings and impulses because of the bodys rapidly changing physical and biological climate. Young adulthood is the human cognitive prime, as the capacity for rapid and accurate memory, thought processing and information analysis function at peak levels. Perceptions of the world, judgment and morality become more sophisticated and complex. During middle adulthood, humans are experts at problem solving, although they begin to experience some signs of decline with speed in processing and recall. Late adulthood signifies the continued deterioration of cognitive abilities. Theoretical perspectives There are two perspectives on adolescent thinking. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process. Improvements in cognitive ability By the time individuals have reached age 15 or so, their basic thinking abilities are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence: 1. Attention. Improvements are seen in selective attention, the process by which one focuses on one stimulus while tuning out another. Divided attention, the ability to pay attention to two or more stimuli at the same time, also improves. 2. Memory. Improvements are seen in both working memory and long-term memory. 3. Processing speed. Adolescents think more quickly than children. Processing speed improves sharply between age five and middle adolescence; it then begins to level off at age 15 and does not appear to change between late adolescence and adulthood. 4. Organization. Adolescents are more aware of their own thought processes and can use mnemonic devices and other strategies to think more efficiently. 5. Meta-cognition It often involves monitoring one’s own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents’ improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. 3. Socio/Emotional Development Socio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture. During infancy and early childhood, the primary relationships are with the parents and based on attachment. Environmental exploration, impulsivity, differentiation of self (from others) and the basics of social interaction are learnt. In early childhood, impulsivity begins to give way to control, and awareness of consequences significantly affects behavioral choices. Middle childhood begins the transition from family orientation to peer orientation, which carries on into adolescence. Issues of identify, sexuality and sexual expression, conflict and resolution and internal stability prevail. By young adulthood, the focus shifts from peers to career, social role, building external stability, finding a mate and starting a family. Middle adulthood is met with the psychological and emotional challenges of facing the mid-life crisis, and a life analysis and inventory is taken. Late adulthood marks the transition from the mid-life crisis. Life reflection, acceptance of death, and legacy building or making social contributions also occur at this phase. I. Identity development Among the most common beliefs about adolescence is that it is the time when teenagers form their personal identities. Egocentrism is being performed by adolescents who then form self-consciousness of wanting to feel important in their peer groups and having social acceptance of fitting into the group. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of ones thoughts about the self. Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. II. Self Concept Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves with physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts and opinions. III. Sense of identity Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson’s theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of identity achievement but also stressed that the identity challenge is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time. Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers. Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers finding their selves; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. IV. Environment and identity An adolescents environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies have shown that the more privileged upbringing one has the more successful they will be in the development of their identity. The forming of an adolescents identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This therefore has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing will be exposed to more opportunities as well as better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a very sensitive period in the development process of ones life and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major affect on decisions someone will make. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development. V. Sexual orientation and identity Sexual orientation has been defined as an erotic inclination toward people of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions. In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty. VI. Self-esteem The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem, ones thoughts and feelings about one’s self-concept and identity. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. Barometric self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends; the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. When they fail to win friends approval or couldnt find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls will suffer from low self-esteem. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. ECONOMIC CRISES CAN HAVE SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Financial crises, at both the global and the national level, are ubiquitous. This raises concern about the human impacts of crises, especially among more vulnerable populations in developing countries. This is particularly true during childhood and youth, when the brain is developing rapidly, and when socio-emotional and behavioral developments are at their peak. Given the cumulative nature of human development, shortfalls or setbacks at any stage of the life course—from the antenatal environment through adolescence—are often difficult to reverse later in life and may have severe consequences for individual development as well as for the growth and development of successful communities. Thus, it is essential to protect and promote human development in the face of adversity. Three interrelated concepts provide the foundation for understanding the potential impacts of shocks on children and youth. a) Timing: Human development is characterized by critical periods of life during which certain investments must be made to facilitate the achievement of specific milestones in development, or stage salient developmental tasks. These age-related expectations for the mastery of particular tasks provide benchmarks for the abilities that an individual should ideally master by different ages, and that are correlated with successful development and transition to subsequent stages in life. Economic crises can disrupt a young person’s â€Å"normal† development by preventing or delaying the mastery of these developmental tasks at specific stages, which—if uncorrected—can have potential long term consequences. b) Context: Development in childhood and youth is influenced by diverse contexts or settings (family, peers, schools, communities, socio-cultural belief systems, policy regimes, and the economy). The relative importance of these settings changes during the life course. Interactions among these settings determine both the transmission of shocks such as a financial crisis to the young person’s immediate environment and the impact of the shock on her development. As development is partly a function of a person’s repeated interactions with her immediate environment (the proximal processes of human development), shocks can disrupt the contexts in which these processes occur, and hinder a young person’s ability to develop successfully. c) Transmission mechanisms: There are numerous pathways through which a crisis can affect the well-being and development of a young person. Crises may be experienced directly at the individual level (through e.g. a change in aspirations and identity), or indirectly through the family, school, or other settings (through e.g. increased parental stress, parental job loss, a reduction in publicly-provided services). The developing person will experience crises through the loss in income, but also through other channels, such as psychological distress. The relevance of each particular transmission mechanism varies depending on the life stage of the person as well as on the context. Different settings may provide protective factors that prevent, mitigate or attenuate negative impacts; these factors can be a source of resilience, facilitating positive adaptive behavior on the part of the developing person. Effects of economic crises on adolescents Adolescence is a crucial stage in a person’s development. Adolescence is marked by profound physical, emotional, and social transitions; the brain undergoes significant neurological development, and cognitive and socio-emotional abilities take shape. While social expectations of the precise timing of certain transitions vary across countries and cultures, all adolescents are eventually expected to make the transition to adulthood, including entering work, becoming financially independent, and starting a family. Adapting to these new roles and successfully managing this transition requires the mastery of three interrelated stage-salient tasks: 3 a. Autonomy and relatedness: As young people mature, they renegotiate their relationships with parents, peers, teachers, and other adults. Settings outside the family, such as the workplace, become increasingly important. Young people must achieve greater personal and financial independence while maintaining positive relationships with parents and other adults. b. Identity: The process of growing more autonomous and defining one’s role in society requires that adolescents establish personal and vocational preferences and aspirations. c. Goal setting and achievement: The ability to define goals and plan and act strategically provides the foundation for subsequent growth and development. ECONOMIC CRISES CAN IMPAIR HEALTHY ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Crises affect the opportunities and support structures available to adolescents to develop the cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral competencies needed to master the stage-salient tasks. In particular, crises can lead to: i) Limited and unpredictable employment opportunities: Youth employment tends to be more vulnerable to economic crises than adult employment. Young people are often engaged in temporary and unprotected work—such as seasonal, temporary, and part-time jobs—or in sectors particularly vulnerable to economic fluctuations, such as construction. By constraining employment opportunities, as well as the availability of other entry points into the labor market, such as internships and apprenticeships, economic shocks affect the process of acquiring necessary skills, work experience, and achieving financial autonomy. Worsening labor market conditions can also affect adolescents’ expectations, vocational identity, and personal goals, as the context and perceived likelihood of achieving them may change dramatically. ii) Loss of parental employment and income, and deterioration of family dynamics: The threat or realization of losing income or assets can lead to anxiety among parents, which is then transmitted to adolescents throug h parents’ emotions and behaviors. For example, the quality of parenting can be negatively affected, impairing the development of adolescents’ autonomy and ability to form relationships. Impaired family dynamics are linked to mental health problems and heightened incidence of risky behaviors. Research also shows that adolescents who perceive economic stress within their families have lower self-expectations for the future. iii) Changes in the availability of adult role models outside the family: Crises may not only affect intra family dynamics, but also the availability of and interactions with positive role models in the school or community. Lower public expenditure can adversely affect the quality as well as quantity of schooling, while supervised extracurricular activities and out-of-school programs are often discontinued. These reduce the availability of positive adult mentoring relationships, restricting the support and guidance available to adolescents in mastering their developmental tasks. In addition to these disruptions in their immediate environment, adolescents are more aware than younger children of the impact of shocks on socioeconomic status, and they may perceive economic pressures and stigma more directly. This can lead to additional difficulties with psychosocial adjustment, and influence their self-esteem, identity, future orientation, and efficacy beliefs. THE FAILURE TO MASTER CRITICAL TASKS CAN HAVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT. Failure to achieve stage-salient developmental tasks can jeopardize other life outcomes. Although there is considerable heterogeneity across individuals, crises can have particularly negative consequences in the following areas: a) Schooling Employment: Contrary to the experience of idiosyncratic shocks, such as parental job loss, there is no compelling evidence that young people leave school during aggregate crises to work and support the household. Young people have fewer job opportunities in a crisis; this decreases the perceived returns to entering the labor market relative to remaining in school. On the other hand, diminished opportunities for employment can severely affect those young people who do try to enter the labor market. Early un- and underemployment is known to have serious long-term effects on future employment and lifetime income, and these young people often fail to catch up when the economy rebounds. b) Mental health: By altering their relationships, identity, and goals for the future, unexpected life events can affect adolescents’ physical and mental health. Difficulty in the labor market may lead to hopelessness and lower self-esteem, especially for young people who are in the process of forming occupational identities. In fact, unemployment experienced at early ages is associated with stress, depression, and illness later in life. Mental health problems during youth can also lead to lower educational achievement, increased substance abuse, violence, and risky sexual behavior. c) Risky behavior: Economic adversity and its effects on the adolescent and her immediate environment may lead to greater risk taking, although this response is by no means universal. Crises can diminish the quality of parenting, which in turn may increase the likelihood for delinquency among youth. Similarly, stress and mental health problems have been associated with risky sexual activity. But while young people who experience severe stress are more prone to substance abuse, an income shock that decreases disposable income can decrease the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. Significance Having some knowledge about human lifespan development is beneficial for many reasons. It increases self-awareness and understanding, which helps with life planning. If a female is aware of the stages of her physical development, for example, she will know that her natural childbearing years are limited. If she wants to have children, she can use family planning to make choices about her education, career and mate to support this goal. Additionally, this knowledge can be helpful for improving relationships and interpersonal communication and resolving conflicts. Conclusion Human development is marked by different stages and milestones over the lifespan. It is expressed over three domains: physical, cognitive and socio/emotional. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development vary from culture to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of human lifespan development will lead to a better understanding of the appearance, perceptions and behaviors of the self and others. Physical development has to do with the way that the human body develops over a lifespan. The most rapid and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From infancy to early childhood, the physical milestones include developing motor skills like learning to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, use tools like spoons and forks and use the rest room. From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and mass and get their first set of teeth. Cognitive development has to do with the way humans perceive and experience the world and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition; the brain is still being developed. Socio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture. REFERENCE 1. Human Development, Diane E. Papalia, 9th edition 2. Boyd, D., and Bee, H., (2006). Lifespan Development, Fourth Edition. Boston, MA. Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Chassin, L., A. Hussong, and A. Beltran. 2009. â€Å"Adolescent Substance Use.† In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.; Lundberg, P. et al. 2011. â€Å"Poor Mental Health and Sexual Risk Behaviours in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.† BMC Public Health 11 (125): 1–10 4. Bell, D., and D. Blanchflower. 2010. â€Å"Young People and Recession: A Lost Generation?† Working Paper. Dartmouth College. 5. See for example Duryea, S., and M. Morales. 2011. â€Å"Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Children’s School and Employment Outcomes in El Salvador.† Development 6. Policy Review 29 (5): 527–46.; Scarpetta, S., A. Sonnet, and T. Manfredi. 2010. â€Å"Rising Youth Unemployment during the Crisis: How to Prevent Negative 7. Long-Term Consequences on a Generation.† Social, Employme nt, and Migration Working Paper 106, OECD: Paris. 8. Carlson, N. R., Heth, C. (2010). Psychologythe science of behaviour, fourth Canadian edition [by] Neil R. Carlson, C. Donald Heth. Toronto: Pearson. 9. Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence, 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 10. American Psychological Association (APA). United States Department of Health and Human Services. 11. Carlson, Neil R. (2010). Psychology: the science of behaviour. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.

Internet and Car Shopping Essay -- Expository Essays

Internet and Car Shopping Marketing studies show that more than half of Americans who are in the market to buy a new car use the Internet at least once. The Internet has now become part of the process to buying a new car. Most buyers use it to research cars so they save time going lot-to-lot test-driving cars to find that they just don't fit their tastes. Car buyers can research what car publications say about certain cars or just go to the manufacture's web site and compare specification to other models. Once you make your decision you can just go down to the dealership or order it online and have it delivered to your house. The best part of buying a car online is not having to deal with the pesky sales men that run out as soon as they see you pull up. I really hate that, I just want to walk around by myself and if I need your help I will come in and ask you. I bought a new car about a year ago and every time I went to a dealership a little sales guy came out and told me that I should sit inside the car. I can tell if I don't want to sit inside just by looking at it. I usually got the new guy who was desperately trying a little too hard to try and sell me a car that I wasn't even interested in just because he needed is first commission check. When I started to ask questions they kind of just blew me off because of my age. I believe that their mindset was 'here's a young kid who is obviously going to finance this so I'm just going to try and convince him that he needs to pay $16,000 for a car that has no air conditioning and an am/fm radio'. When you shop online there is no age barrier until you start the buying process, definite plus. When you order your new car online you have a wider variety of choices then you would... ...ce but I would tend to lean to J.D.A's statement just because they are better known. Online car buying seems legitimate and safe. I myself am still wary of putting by beloved credit card number online for thousands to see. I seem to not be the only one who feels this way because many dealers are stating that just because they are on the internet doesn't mean that they are making more money, they are saving money just not making any extra. So why do they stay on the net? They believe that in the future people will trust the Internet more and so they will be seeing the benefits. Of the 17 million cars that will be built next year only 62,000 will be sold online. May the future of car buying be done in your pajamas at your home office?, we'll have to wait and see. Works Cited Preston Lerner "Net Profits" Automobile Magazine 2001 Buying and Leasing pgs 22-27

Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador

Educator George Washington Carver one time stated, â€Å" Education is the key to unlock the aureate door of freedom † ( State University 2002 ) . Such key will ne'er be held by the manus of Ecuadorians as the state of Ecuador battles to supply a satisfactory instruction system to kids in rural countries. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. This restricting factor has created a barbarous rhythm of kid labourers and inequality among kids in rural and urban communities ( Salazar and Glashinovich 1996 ) . This paper will supply an in depth analysis of the instruction systems in Ecuador and the reform required to supply kids with a better hereafter. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of the deficiency of authorities support towards substructure and handiness. With the deficiency of money towards instruction, jobs such as inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and inequalities between rural and urban scho 1ols arise. Attempted advancement has been made by reformers such as President Rafael Correa who works with authorities support to better school systems ( Bellettini 2004 ) . It is people like President Rafael Correa who are undoubtably the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Last April, I travelled to Ecuador with Canada World Youth. The intent of the trip was to organize a partnership between the Canadian and Ecuadorian pupils. The trip provided me with a cross-cultural experience as I learnt the necessity of foreign for rural instruction. Our group of 14 pupils raised $ 10,000 which was used to patronize the instruction of 4 pupils in Ecuador including their high school fees. The neglecting instruction system instated in rural Ecuadorian communities is faced with legion issues affecting, inconsistent instruction, and hapless attending. These issues are presented due to the deficiency of authorities support and support for instruction. The jobs presently present in Ecuador make it hard for Ecuadorians to go comfortable and contribute to society. Political instability within the state ‘s ain boundary lines have invited violent protests refering the old three democratically elected presidents ( Lopez and Valdes 2000 ) . Political issues every bit good as the economic crisis have proved to foster the potency of reconstructing proper and effectual instruction patterns in rural Ecuador. Many societal establishments demand governmental support, but it is the instruction system in Ecuador that is the most despairing. Research workers have highlighted that the instruction system has easy been bettering since the 1990 ‘s ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . Although, in comparing to old decennaries, the educational development has decreased in effectivity while educational inequalities has drastically grown between the urban and rural communities. The Ecuadorian authorities has set aside deficient financess for their societal plans as they entirely contribute four per centum of the states Gross Domestic Product, compared to the mean 12 per centum that the general Latin American state invested ( Ibid 2004 ) . Not merely has the Ecuadorian authorities neglected financess for the necessary societal plans but they have besides transferred their focal point to societal protection plans. This transportation of precedences has cut the support for instruction plans by 50 per centum ( Cibilis, Giugale and Lopez-Calix 2003 ) . The budget cut has affected all school systems across Ecuador, particularly the Ru 2ral communities. The limited support has caused a lessening in school substructure, teacher salary, and teacher preparation plans. The school systems are enduring and necessitate more investing and greater reform schemes. The authorities must increase their investing to at least five per centum of the state ‘s Gross Domestic Product in Oder to be successful ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . In 2007, President Correa was elected to office in Ecuador. He created a platform that believed in instruction excellence and instruction reform ( Economist 2009 ) . Since 2007, Correa has spent about $ 280 million on school substructure and care ( Ibid 2009 ) . In add-on the President has introduced logic trials which instructors must go through in order to educate the young person. These logic trials are designed to increase a instructor ‘s credibleness and ability to teach immature pupils ( Ibid 2009 ) . Those who do non go through the logic trials are required to take a twelvemonth long preparation class which will assist to develop their instruction schemes and cognition. The logic trials benefit the school systems as instructors become more prepared and have more effectual instruction methods. These trials will be a compulsory step for all instructors, and will shortly increase the quality of Ecuador ‘s public instruction system. The deficiency of authorities investing towards societal plans, specifically instruction systems has greatly inf 3luenced handiness, learning methods, and school substructure. The rural communities are far more underprivileged so the urban public schools in Ecuador. In rural parts and in most parts of Latin America, instructors are likely to be under qualified and uneffective at teaching. Similarly to Ecuador, 40 to fifty of Latin American instructors have no professional preparation or makings ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The deficiency of preparation and makings is a consequence of hapless support and investing by the authorities. Training plans and workshops are non available to all instructors particularly those in the rural communities. In Latin America, people who graduate with higher degrees of instructions tend to travel to the urbanised metropoliss and obtain comfortable occupations ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) . Sadly, those who have hapless degrees of instruction, become instructors. Teacher ‘s with no preparation and limited cognition dictate the quality of a school. Furthermore, the lear ning population in Ecuador earn low wages as the authorities does non believe that instructors merit higher wages ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . A typical public school teacher in rural Ecuador by and large earns $ 350 per month ( Torres 2005 ) . Teachers make an insufficient wage because there is limited support. Without support and low wages, most teachers at the public school degree have two or more occupations to pay for their fundss. Multiple occupations on the spell, means that instructors sometimes neglect to demo up to teach. The Foundation for Sustainable Development claims that there is a high rate of absenteeism among instructors ( 16 per centum ) † ( FSD 2003 ) . With instructors absent from categories 16 per centum of the clip during the scholastic twelvemonth, pupils are losing important acquisition chances. Most of the instructors absent for that clip would be working at other occupations seeking to derive a greater income. The quality of learning in rural Ecuador and in the public system is really low as the instructors are under qualified and largely disinterested in instruction. Although some instructors are effectual, the huge bulk of those effectual instructors are accepted to learn at private schools. Private schools in Ecuador have the money unlike public schools to afford exemplarily instructors. Unfortunately for the public system, qualified instructors escape to the private schools wh 4ere their wages are frequently five to ten times higher so the populace system ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) † The typical school is unable to engage extremely skilled instructors and will happen it hard to implement inventions to better its educational quality † ( Schiefelbein 1992: 36 ) . The methods of direction are unequal in states like Ecuador. Unfortunately due to budget restraints, instructors do non hold entree to a course of study to assist better their lesson programs. Without a common course of study to be followed by all public schools, the acquisition becomes inconsistent and unequal between different schools and parts ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . Simple accomplishments that involve reading, composing, comprehension are hard to accomplish in rural Ecuador ( Ibid 1992 ) . Teacher ‘s do non posses the necessary certificates and stuffs to learn these kids, as the authorities neglects them of the necessary resources. With limited support invested in instruction, many effects arise with improper learning methods between schools in rural Ecuador. The greatest effect of hapless instruction is the rate of pupil repeat. In Latin America, merely 19 per centum of nine twelvemonth olds attend schools, but about 50 per centum of the first class pupils repeat as they are unable to carry through the instructor ‘s demands ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The state of Ecuador would drastically profit if more money was invested into increasing the quality of learning as it would diminish the rate of pupil repeat. Repeating a class is non merely reeling the pupil ‘s ability to larn and affect themselves in the work force but it besides posses monolithic affects on the educational system financially. In rural Ecuador, repeat is two times higher so the states average ( Ibid 1992 ) . If the Ecuadorian g 5overnment were to put more money in to developing an accessible course of study for all instructors, repeat rates would diminish. The Ecuadorian public school system posses many jobs for people in rural communities. The incompatibility in learning methods are followed by widespread hooky as parents would instead direct their kid to work every bit opposed to inscribing them in a rural school. Limited entree to schools and excess pupil costs for those in rural Ecuador are some of the major factors that affect registration rates and attending. There are huge differences and unfairnesss that are noticeable when comparing urban and rural instruction systems. Although public instruction is free for kids ages five to fifteen old ages old, enrollment rates suffer drastically in rural communities. In urban developed countries, kids have an norm of 12 old ages of schooling while kids from rural Ecuador merely have an norm of four old ages ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Of those kids who had four old ages of schooling, merely 19 per centum of the entire rural population is enrolled in school compared to eighty per centum of th e entire urban population ( Ibid 2003 ) . Education unfairnesss are besides impacting those kids who wish to go to higher instruction degrees as merely two per centum of the poorest quantile attend higher instruction ( Ibid 2003 ) . The Ecuadorian authorities must larn how to scatter their support every bit among communities so that instruction patterns and handiness is the same for every kid. One of the most common grounds for the deficiency of registration, is due to school handiness. Although the Correo authorities is get downing to put more in school substructure and care there are still minimum public schools available for kids in rural countries ( Economist 2009 ) . â€Å" Merely 42 % of kids among those in the poorest quantile have entree to preschool instruction † ( Cibilis et al. 2003: 271 ) . There is perceptibly more chance for preschool instruction in urban communities as they are given a higher precedence over rural public instruction. Coincidentally there are more kids in rural Ecuador who need public instruction than urban countries. The unequal funding and hapless handiness to public schools for those populating in rural Ecuador posse major determinations on parents. They frequently have to make up one's mind whether or non to inscribe their kids due to fiscal restrictions. Although Ecuador promises to function the populace with free instruction there are still excess costs that are non covered by the authorities. With restricted financess, households have trouble paying for uniforms, school supplies, and transit ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . The indirect costs linked to the deficiency of authorities investing are a considerable decrease in household income because the kid is no longer working ( Ibid 2004 ) . Many households in rural Ecuador are faced with the hard determination on whether to direct their 6 kid to school or hold them work. With more authorities support towards public instruction, parents would non hold to pay excess costs for school. Therefore, parents would be more inclined to inscribe their kids to go educated. Although it is apparent that the rural instruction system in Ecuador is despairing for money and seems slightly incapacitated, there are reform patterns taking topographic point that are proven to be effectual. Presently in Mexico, instruction reform is taking topographic point that could be implemented in to Ecuador ‘s instruction system. Education reform known as â€Å" Telesecondary † would be movable and an effectual agencies of reform in rural Ecuador. Telesecondary is a learning scheme that delivers greater instruction through new engineerings. It consists of utilizing computing machines, cyberspace and mass media ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . The pupils larning from this advanced instruction method distance themselves from the teacher. The chief intent of Thursday 6 7is reform is to give all kids the ability to larn at their ain gait with a structured and dependable beginning of information ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Another recommendation and applicable instruction reform scheme would be following the theoretical account of the â€Å" Escuela Nueva † . The Escuela Nueva undertaking is presently being practiced in Mexico. Escuela Nueva is community based which focuses chiefly on active engagement, and concerted acquisition ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The undertaking helps kids larn critical life accomplishments by using their cognition learnt in category to the outside community. This theoretical account of instruction responds straight to the instruction challenges that are presently present in Ecuador. It helps to extinguish hapless educational substructure, repeat rates, and under qualified instructors. The Escuela Nueva plans help schools to accomplish a standardised course of study, better instructor preparation and greater community enga gement. Once portion of the Northern Inca Empire, Ecuador has suffered a riotous yesteryear. Such is exemplified as the state has faced hapless administration and instability of fundamental laws as they have merely late imposed their twentieth fundamental law since 1830 ( State University 2002 ) . However, the greatest job to confront the state is that of instruction. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and the nonobservance of minority groups. Progress has been attempted by reformer President Correa who has concentrated 1000000s of dollars on breaking instruction in Ecuador. Undeniably, it is he w 8ho serves as the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Although the President and his authorities have made much advancement during his two-term reign, there are many stairss to be taken to make declaration, including the riddance of child labour. Subsequently such extended instruction jobs are followed by the changeless conflict with child labour in add-on to hapless economic patterns. It is educational reform which will take to the development of Ecuador as its citizens become literate and receive extra chances, such as occupations, thereby decreasing poorness ( Bellettini 2004 ) . Education may be the job, but it is besides the solution to increase Ecuador ‘s patterned advance to go a developed state.

Salt and ice Minnesotas battle

Salt and Ice; Minnesotas Battle Abstract Salt is applied in the thousands of tons every year to reduce ice and, in turn, reduce accidents on Minnesota roads. When the ice and snow melt each spring, the majority of this solution is relieved into rivers and lakes through storm drains on Minnesota roads. The salt negatively affects fish and aquatic plants by dehydrating them and altering fertilization. The damaging effects of sodium chloride are long term and not easily repaired. The Minnesota Department of Transportation can take ffective action by reducing salt usage and opting to alternate the biodegradable solution potassium formate.Every year the metropolitan area of Minnesota uses 350,00 tons, commerical and government, of road salt. (Homstad). To put this in perspective, if the salt was distributed to the residence of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, each person would lay 260 pounds of salt on the roads. Sodium Chloride(NaCL), the salt that is applied to roads, is the most common p ractice to reduce ice on roads in Minnesota and around snowy parts of the United States. Salt has been the most effective means of deicing roads because it lowers the freezing point of water, there for melting the snow, and it is the one of the cheapest products to use.According to a study done by Marquette University in 1992, accident rates are eight times higher when salt is not applied to icy, snowy roads. Salt is proven an effective reducer of accidents (Kuemmel). What people commonly are not aware of is that salt is generally effective until 1 5 degrees farenheit. After that point, the salts ability to break the bond between the ice and the road rapidily decreases ntil, at about 5f, salt is no longer a method to melt ice. Once the ice and snow melt, the water product runs into storm drains, which consiquntly drain into our bodies of water.The main drainage exit of metro storm drains is into our rivers and streams. The most common; the Mississippi river. Studies vary but between 70 and 80 percent of all salt applied to roads, ends up in water bodies. Both sodium and chloride are natural products, both already present in water and in living species. However, increased levels of both elements have a deadly, long term effect on aquatic life. Chloride in high concentrations is especially harmful to fresh water aquatic life. It dehydrates plants and reduces areation in water, giving fish less oxygen.The salt, also draws moisture from fish and water species, creating an imblance in electrolytes (Marshall). Not only does this imbalance kill and harm living fish, it often times creates alterations in the tisn a ast. Otten time this chloride increase reduces fish's fertility and increases disease suseptibilty for generations to come. Education will only go so far. Humans, especially Americans, have a psycological ard-wiring to think that more is more. Naturally, the assumption is made that applying more salt deices the roads faster. This is incorrect. We generally need a very small amount.Increase in amount does not lower the freezing point further. The most viable solution is to use alternative chemicals to melt salt. Potassium formate is a more costly alternative. The substance melts ice at about the same temperateure that salt does however, the product is biodegradeable. (M ¤Ã‚ ¤tt ¤) It has little to no negative effects in water and generally biodegrades in the ground before ever reaching the water. IJSNLM) The product is man-made, so it is more costly, however a little bit goes a long way with the substance and it does not contain chloride; the most harmful factor in salt.The solution is not to replace salt. Salt is an effective deicer and with reduced usage and usage n rotation with potassium formate, chloride levels will be lowered in water bodies. Training programs are currently in the works to educate snowplow drivers and residence as to how much salt is necessary. (MPCA) The drivers who took these classes significantly reduced t he amount of salt they were dispersing on roads owever they are not mandatory so not all drivers are taking them and there for the overall effect is quite small.Storm drain alterations are a solution but not an effective enough one. In placeing filterationg systems within them small amounts of salt can be prevented from entering lakes and rivers. These filteration systems would still allow the majority of chloride to enter water bodies because upon sodium chloride melting ice it sperates itself into its two elements and essentially disolves in the water. Understandably, tax payers may disagree with the higher price of potassium ormate. However, the solution is not to replace salt with this substance.The solution is to use potassium formate in conjunction with salt therefore, reducing salt usage and chloride concentrations in water bodies. The price would only be slightly more and would reduce prices for fish when more can be naturally harvested. The price for water filtration and pu rification will lower as well when salinity levels decrease. With correct usage, Potassium formate is only needed in small quantities. The benefit to consumers being able to consume more local fresh water fish is also valuable.

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive Google News Archive offers a wealth of digitized historic newspapers online - many of them for free. The Google newspaper archive project was discontinued by Google many years ago but, although they stopped digitizing and adding new papers and removed their useful timeline and other search tools, the historical newspapers that were previously digitized remain. The downside of this is that,  due to poor digital scanning and OCR (optical character recognition), a simple search of the Google newspaper archive rarely pulls up anything but major headlines.  In addition, Google News has continued to deprecate their newspaper archive service, making it extremely difficult to search  for content prior to 1970, although they have hundreds of digitized newspaper titles  prior to this date.   You can improve your chances of finding great info in Google News Archive with a few simple search strategies. Use Google Web Search Searching within Google News (even the advanced search) no longer returns results older than 30 days, so be sure to use web search when searching for older articles. Google Web Search doesn’t support custom date ranges earlier than 1970 or content behind a paywall - but that doesnt mean you wont find content prior to 1970 by searching, you just cant restrict your searches to only that content. Check Availability First A full list of the digitized historical newspaper content is available online at the  Google News Archive. It generally pays to start here to see if your area and time period has coverage, although if youre looking for something interesting or potentially newsworthy (a railroad accident, for example) you may find it also reported in papers from outside the area. Restrict Sources While it is most common to search for individuals in a specific location, Google no longer offers the option to restrict your search to a particular newspaper title. Each newspaper does have a specific newspaper ID (found after nid in the URL when you select the title from the newspaper list), but the site search restriction does not consider this. Instead, try using a newspaper title in quotes, or  use just a single word from the title of the paper to restrict your search; thus a source restriction for Pittsburgh will turn up results from both the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Date Restrict To search content older than 30 days, use the Google  advanced web search page  to restrict your search by date or date range. You can bypass the restriction on dates older than 1970 by using Googles site search feature on the news archive alone. This isnt precise, as it will include any mention of that date or year and not just papers published on the date youve selected, but it is better than nothing.   Example:  site:news.google.com/newspapers pittsburg 1898 Use Generic Terms Browse through several issues of your newspaper of interest to become familiar with the general layout of the paper and the terms used most often in your sections of interest. For example, if youre looking for an obituary, did they commonly use the term obituaries, or deaths or death notices, etc. to head that section? Sometimes section headers were too fancy to be recognized by the OCR process, so also look for words frequently found in the general text then use that search term to look for content. Consider whether your term is appropriate for the time period as well. If youre searching contemporary newspapers for information on World War One you will need to use search terms such as great war, because it wasnt called World War One until after the commencement of World War Two. Browse This Paper For best results when searching digitized historical newspaper content in Google, there really is no way around using the browse feature rather than search. All things considered, its still better than having to go down to the library to look at microfilm. Begin with the newspaper list to browse directly to a specific newspaper title in the Google News Archive. Once you select a title of interest, you can easily navigate to a specific date using the arrows or, even faster, by entering the date in the date box (this can be a year, month and year, or a specific date). When youre in the newspaper view, you can get back to the browse page by selecting the Browse this newspaper link above the digitized newspaper image. Locating a Missing Issue If Google appears to have newspapers from your month of interest but is missing a few particular issues here or there, then take time to view all pages of the available issues both before and after your target date. There are many examples of Google running together several newspaper issues and then listing them only under the date of the first or last issue, so you can be browsing an issue for Monday, but end up in the middle of the Wednesday edition by the time you browse all of the available pages. Downloading, Saving, and Printing Google News Archive does not currently offer a direct way to download, save, or print newspaper images. If you want to clip an obituary or other small notice for your personal files, the easiest way to do this is to take a screenshot. Enlarge your browser window with the relevant page/article from Google News Archive so that it fills your entire computer screen.Use the enlarge button in Google News Archive to enlarge the article you want to clip to an easy to read size that fits entirely within your browser window.Hit the Print Screen or Prnt Scrn button on your computer keyboard to capture a screenshot.Open your favorite photo editing software and look for the option to open or paste a file from your computers clipboard. This will open the screenshot taken of your computer browser window.Use the Crop tool to crop the article in which youre interested and then save it as a new file (try including the newspaper title and date in the file name).If youre running Windows Vista, 7 or 8, make it easier on yourself and use the Snipping Tool instead. If you cant find historical newspapers in Google Newspaper Archive for your area and time period of interest, then Chronicling America is another source for free, digitized historical newspapers from the United States. Several subscription websites and other resources also offer access to online historical newspapers.