Crime And The Criminal Justice System Essay - 1887 Words

Community Courts could very well be one of the best things to happen to not only the criminal justice system in the past 10 years or so but for the community also. Rather than sending people for mild offenses to prison for their crimes, such as minor drug crimes, they get the opportunity to rehabilitate back into society and contribute to society as a citizen. Personally, community courts are a fantastic attribute of the criminal justice system. They keep people that shouldn’t be in prison (people addicted to drugs, people who made mistakes in life such as vandalizing or burglarizing a home) out of prison and give them a second chance. Regional treatment courts (drug courts) often play a large role in getting people off of drugs and out of prison. People shouldn’t be in prison for petty things such as having a small amount of marijuana, or any drug at that. Drug addiction is a psychological issue, not physical issues, and drug courts help bring a realization to this to the criminal justice system. Drug courts were introduced into the criminal justice system in the year of 1989, in Miami-Dade County, Florida. There was a significant number of people reoffending for minor drug charges. Courts were becoming flooded with the minor charges and were tired of dealing with the same people, so they made an alternative to traditional courts known as drug rehabilitation courts. These courts were designed to, instead of sending drug-addicted offenders to prison and releasingShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed various aspects of crime and criminality. Through continued study and ongoing research, criminologists have developed various theories as per the causes of different types of crime, whether or not some individuals are predisposed to certain types of criminal activity, legal processes of the criminal justice system, and how criminal offenders are processed. Canada’s criminal justice system comprises and constitutes various stages and components. The criminal justice system is a significant toolRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers narrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System963 Words   |  4 Pagesnews reports, crime daily. Crime is something that we cannot run from in today’s society; so we depend highly upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a major concern. Criminal Justice consists o f three areas: our police, courts and corrections department. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by these agencies, and established by the governments to help control the crimes and applies penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there toRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1266 Words   |  6 Pages The criminal justice system in England and Wales is made up of multiple agencies which all have different responsibilities, however they share the main objective of maintaining and enforcing the rule of law. The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pageshas always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal elem ent that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when itRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system with how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreCrime and the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system and the process have molded the laws of the United States to its current existence. The judicial system is designed to punish those who commit crimes against one another and for those who break the laws in other ways. According to Pearson (2012), crime can be defined as conduct in violation of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Pearson (2012)Read MoreCrime And Criminal Justice System974 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolled by policing to deal with the ‘problem’ of ‘crime’. Although there are various perceptions of what ‘crime’ is and means, we can view it as an offence or act which is able to be punished by the Law. Despite this, the Police arguably omit ‘crimes’ caused by particular individuals or groups such as; the bourgeois and white males and females. Many occasions these responses deny less privileged and minority groups equality within the criminal justice system, furthermore breaking the rule of Law. An ideologyRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigationsRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The criminal justice system has evolved on the decades. From initially being constituted by the victim to eventually becoming constituted by written laws. There have been several changes made within the justice system, so in the following I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/present

The Theory Of Child Development - 935 Words

Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of child development. Kohlberg believed that there were six stages of child development. He divided those stages into three levels of development. Level one; pre-conventional morality, a child doesn’t have a personal code of mortality and instead, their moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking of adult rules. Level two; conventional morality, adolescents and adults begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. Lastly level three; post conventional morality, an Individuals judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual’s rights and justice. Level one consists of stages one and two. In stage one obedience and punishment orientation occur. The individual is well behaved because he doesn’t want to be punished and if he is punished then he knows he mu st have done something wrong. In stage two individualism and exchange occur. The individual knows that there is more than one interpretation and perception of what is right from a high authority and that different authority has different sense of right. Stages three and four make up level two. Good interpersonal relationships make up stage three. The individual is well behaved because he wants to be seen as a good person by others because he needs the approval of others. Stage four is maintaining the socialShow MoreRelatedChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 PagesChild Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June 29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives, insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to the early 20th century little interest was paid to how a child developed; indeed most early research appears to be based on abnormal childhood behaviour (Oates etRead MoreChild Development Theories1560 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development: An Examination of Three Theories There are a lot of theories regarding child development. Three of these theories are Bioecological Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory and Information-Processing Theory. This paper will discuss these theories by comparing and contrasting them. The first theory is the Bioecological Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is based on the nature vs. nurture idea. Bronfenbrenner believed development of a child was determinedRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development858 Words   |  4 PagesSocial scientists have given us several theories on child development. There have been three influential theories that have really shaped how we look at the subject. Each one of these theories offers an insightful perspective that has been very influential in how we view child development. The first theory, we will delve into is George Herbert Meads Theory of the Social Self which focused on social interaction with developing human beings. Meads believed that, â€Å"a symbolic interactionist, saw theRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development1053 Words   |  5 PagesArt educators that consider theories of child development when creating lesson plans, are more effective. As art educators, we understand that it is our respon sibility to educate ourselves on the latest research of art development in order to better serve our educational institutions through providing a quality art education for the future generations of innovators in America. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development stages thoroughly explain the biological transition that occurs in elementary schoolRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 19th Century, little attention was given to children development. Emphasis were based upon what a child would become as they get older( Green 2013)However, it was investigated by human developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiatedRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1209 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to development psychology From the beginning of the history, child development was not given an importance but now majority of people have understood its importance. Attachment theory is one of the major theories of child development. According to Bowlby, attachment is characterized by specific behaviours in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened. There were number of issues that have been debated throughout the history of developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development2414 Words   |  10 Pagesa sound understanding of theories of child development so they can offer activities that are appropriate for the child’s particular stage of development (Early Education, 2012). This essay will compare and contrast key features of developmental theories by applying them to a particular aspect of child development, the aspect that will be investigated is language acquisition. This essay will consider differing theories of language development such as the be haviourist theory proposed by Skinner (1957)Read MoreThe Theory of Child Development1636 Words   |  7 Pages The theory of child development, Temperament, is what this case study is based off of. Temperament is a person’s style of reacting to the world and relating to others. I will be judging â€Å"Alice† on the nine temperament traits on a ten point scale. Alice is my 2 year old cousin who knows me well because I frequently babysit her. I recently observed her personality on the nine traits. These traits include; intensity, persistence, sensitivity, perceptiveness, adaptability, regularity, energy, firstRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development878 Words   |  4 Pages Urie Bronfenbrenner was a developmental psychologist whose theory of child development really spoke to me. Relating to the microsystem and mesosystem was extremely natural for me. The microsystem is made up of the people or groups you have direct contact with, such as a professor or family member. The mesosystem is the interactions that occur between the microsystems, such as there being a family issue but that issue effecting not only yourself but causing you to have trouble at school or work place

Project Management and Contract Administration

Question: Discuss about the Project Management and Contract Administration. Answer: Introduction: Project management combined with contract administration emphasises on the application of skill, knowledge, tools and techniques in meeting the requirements of the project. Their role starts with projects feasibility study and continues till the completion and commissioning of the project, as per Barnes Doidge, (2010). A poor contract administration enhances the project costs and also hinders smooth management of the project. Project Schedule Scheduling the project and maintaining the schedule are two important aspects of construction cost control. An increased project duration increases the cost of materials as well as the indirect costs. Therefore it is essential to consider cost estimation for efficiency of a construction project, say Christensen Duncan, (2004). Contractor's Site Management (CSM) CSM is the second most essential factor which can improve cost management and help in the reduction of projects cost overruns. A better site management by the contractor shall significantly affect productivity and this also reflects in the projects progress, as per Christensen Duncan, (2004). Construction Site Conditions Site conditions are the major contributors towards increased construction costs. These include wetlands, poor soil conditions, contaminated materials, conflicting utilities, such as underground storage tanks, cables and pipe as well as overhead lines. An area with endangered species, habitat which is environmentally sensitivity, archaeological sites, poor ground water conditions, a river or stream crossing, heavy traffic and such other existing conditions can increase the cost of the project after the construction commences in case these factors have not been considered during initial estimation of the project. Design and Documentation Design marks the initial road map and acts as a systematic guide in leading to the completion of a project, while documentation, such as costing, tendering and scheduling play an equally important role in monitoring the projects progress. A poor design or an unplanned documentation can leads to poor performance of the project. Such issues can result because of lack of experience or skill of either the consultant or contractor if proper working drawings and specifications are not provided by the consultant or are not efficiently managed by the contractor on site, assert Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Information and Communication System (ICS) This is another factor that creates a major impact on cost overruns in case the groups involved in the construction project, which include Consultants, Contractors and Sub-contractors are not provided with an effective ICS. Lack of a fast mode of data sharing among the participants can hamper their ability to take quick decisions with regard to unexpected problems which may occur during the execution of the project. Slow flow of information is considered to be an important cause of construction cost overruns. A fast and accurate ICT helps in improved coordination among the personnel involved in the project and this can reduce discrepancies. Material, Machinery and Labour Related Factors Materials are the backbone of a construction project and on an average account for 70% of the total cost of a project. Hence, it is essential that the project management places an efficient material management system in place for achieving timely completion of the project and to avoid any cost overruns, say Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Inflation Factor A construction project will run for years before it achieves completion and commissioning. During the course of the construction period, cost of labour, materials, equipment and tools can increase. A well planned project takes into account such contingencies during the cost estimation process, as per Mena, (2011). Outline Proposl Cost Introduction While planning a hotel, especially a budget hotel as is being planned in this case study, it is essential to balance the various layout, functional and aesthetic issues which can meet the needs of the guests, the staff as well as the owner. A well planned design, which takes into account all the activities which are required to be conducted in the hotel, allocates requisite space for them and helps in establishing a seamless relationships between these spaces. Although the developer works with an architect designer for developing the outlay, it is the developer who is solely responsible for ensuring that the design of the building is competent to accomplish the goals set out for the hotel, says Marsden, (2011). Designing and Planning Developing an effective and efficient design of the guestroom areas is critical for the initial development and budgeting process of the hotel. A low-rise hotel having 4 levels, inclusive of the ground level, as planned in this case study, is built with a design having guestrooms on both sides of the corridor, commonly termed as the "double-loaded" slab design. The design of guestrooms in such Budget Hotels is based on the locale and target markets for which these are developed. Budget hotels are a mix of guestrooms, which comprise of rooms having a king or queen bed or having two double beds, so as to suite the varying demands of the guests. Hence, planning the guestrooms should be conducted with careful consideration of the activities of the guests who shall come to occupy these room, as per Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). While finalising the design, the architect is required to keep the developer's vision foremost in mind and add the most appropriate look and feel so as to portray the level of service quality to be offered by the hotel, keeping the demand of the locale and surroundings. It is normal for guestrooms of budget hotels in tropical locations to layout tile floors in all the room and covering them with mats or rugs so as to soften the feel and look of the living areas along with providing the much needed comfort. However, in an urban area, such an outlay would be highly inappropriate as the temperate climate makes it unsuitable. Here, the combination of carpet and wood is most suitable, with tile floors to be confined only for the bathroom, asserts Parker, (2012). Another important factor to be kept in view is that budget hotels for vacationers who stay for longer periods require larger closets as compared to the urban area budget hotels where the guests come for an average stay of one to t hree days. The lobby of a budget hotel should not only function as the hotel's "front office", it should also be planned as an important transition space. This is the place where the guest makes a transition from a hectic and arduous journey to the peace and serenity of the hotel. If the lobby is well planned and laid-out, the guests would not even notice the crowd and feel welcomed, as per Parker, (2012). The next best is the reception desk, which should have an inviting look. These two spaces make the guest at home and they circulate effortlessly within the hotel without feeling lost or disoriented. Construction Costs The aim of budget planning is to apprise the developers about the total cost of the project. The cost of a hotel project is either calculated on per sq mtr area basis or on the basis of total number of rooms to be built. However, for budget hotel planning, the economical way of calculating the project cost is to calculate the construction costs adopting per sq mtr area costing process and the number of room basis for fit-outs. In this case study, there are two options given for evaluating the project cost. From the given diagrams, the calculations on the basis of sq mtr area of both the sites show that the plot of Scheme-A is 1130 sq mtr and for Scheme-B plot is also of 1130 sq mtr area, says Spoehr (ed), (2009). SCHEME A Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant and with air-conditioning but excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 3,300 14,916,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 42,000 3,360,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 20,988,000 SCHEME B Description Area in Sq Mtrs Rate per Rate in $ Total Amount in $ Multi-storey 3 Star hotel with restaurant but without air-conditioning and excluding fit-outs 1,130 x 4 = 4,520 Sq Mtr 2,000 9,040,000 Cost of fit-outs 80 rooms Per room 30,000 2,400,000 Underground Parking (30% of construction cost) 2,712,000 TOTAL COST 14,152,000 Construction Cost Escalation The escalation allowance, usually a percentage, is the contingency which is added to the construction estimates for future inflation in costs of materials and labour from the date of preparing estimates to the date of awarding the contract. This budget was prepared using the 2014 Guide and it was observed there was a zero escalation in all areas, assert Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Conclusion You will find that planning and programming are important, but difficult, parts of the hotel development process. Programming a hotel involves defining the activities to be conducted within and in the surroundings of the hotel property, establishing relationships among the activity areas and allocating appropriate amount of space for each activity. It is the developer who is responsible for preparing a program which is consistent with the hotel's vision and positioning, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). Ten Internal Factors Apart from the costs shown above, the other construction costs known as Soft Costs associated with the budget hotel project include the following development costs, assert Christensen Duncan, (2004). 1. Advertising and Marketing 2. Appraisals 3. Architectural and Engineering Fees 4. Contract Contingencies 5. Equipment and Furnishings 6. Insurance Premiums 7. Interest Charges and Lenders Fee 8. Legal Fee 9. Management Costs 10. Permits and Development Charges The value of these services depends on the type of the building, amenities provided and the design adopted. Another important requirement, though optional, is the cost of providing underground parking and this is usually 30% of the construction cost, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Finally, after the developer has completed the project, the designers involvement shifts from designing the building to testing the strategic options proposed in the design. At this juncture of the project, the focus of both the developer and the designer shifts to the following activities: Identifying the needs of the guests. Here, the value management techniques become useful for both, the developer and the designer while identifying the important needs of the arriving guests. Matching the identified needs with the available resources that the developer and the designer have made available to the visiting guests. At this stage, even the architects, engineers and quantity surveyors are invited to get involved in surveys as well as reviews of the building stock. Identifying different options for meeting the requirements. For a successful and long run of the hotel, these options should be substantially different, as per Marshall, Williams Morgan (ed), (2015). Room Size The size of the rooms affects the overall construction cost per sq. m. hence, if the hotel is planned with more rooms of smaller size, the construction cost will become high. Furnishings, Fittings and Environment (FFE) FFE is concerned with providing a sense of comfort, invitation and a relaxing environments along with the services provided. Furnishings and fittings should be strong and durable yet comfortable. Budget hotels are required to add function spaces which provide comfort and are designed to enhance the hotel's services, assert Emerald Gems (ed), (2015). Foods and Beverages (FB) Budget hotels know that the hotels FB have to compete with excellent services of the domestic rivals, hence many select-service budget hotels have only a single, multipurpose area which serves as a combined breakfast area, coffee shop and fast food serving lounge in the morning and is transformed into a bar with a limited-menu dining room during the evenings. This is because the standard cost of the restaurant area in a budget hotel depends on the theme and supporting design and this could be in the range between $2,500 and $7,000+ per sq. m. Similarly, the cost of the kitchen area would be about $2,800 to $3,200+ per sq. m, says Marsden, (2011). IT Provision In budget hotels this is kept simple by providing a wireless access point in the guestroom or by extending the wireless internet within the hotel. The cost of providing IT is about 2% to 5% of MEP cost and depends on the extent of services provided. Federal Provincial Sales Tax The above noted service costs are exclusive of Goods Services Tax (GST) and the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), but are inclusive of the Provincial Sales Tax, as per Gruis Nieboer (ed), (2013). List of References Barnes, R. and Doidge, G. 2010, Managing Your Investment Property: The Essential Guide to Property Management in Australia and New Zealand. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Christensen, S. and Duncan, W.D. 2004, Professional Liability and Property Transactions. Federation Press, Annandale, NSW. Emerald Gems (ed). 2015, Built Environment and Property Management: A Focus on Australia. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Gruis, V. and Nieboer, N. (ed). 2013, Asset Management in the Social Rented Sector: Policy and Practice in Europe and Australia. Springer Science Business Media, Berlin. Marsden, S. 2011, Business, Charity and Sentiment: The South Australian Housing Trust. Wakefield Press, Kent Town, SA. Marshall, A., Williams, N. and Morgan, J. (ed). 2015, Land of Sweeping Plains: Managing and Restoring the Native Grasslands of South-eastern Australia. Csiro Publishing, Clayton South, VIC. Mena, A. 2011, Your Inner Journey to Wealth: A Guide to Developing a Millionaire Mindset. Xlibris Corporation, New York. Parker, D. 2012, Global Real Estate Investment Trusts: People, Process and Management. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Spoehr, J. (ed). 2009, State of South Australia: From Crisis to Prosperity? Wakefield Press, Kent Town.

The History of Jazz Dance free essay sample

In Africa, natives danced to celebrate cycles of life such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Child, adults, and the elderly depended on jazz dance to express their culture and beliefs. People from Africa who were later sold into the slave trade around the late 1 asss to mid asss brought the dance with them to the Southern plantations in which they now lived on. The dance took on more of a European style over time. The only place where jazz danced stayed in its original African form was Congo Square in New Orleans. Slaves were allowed to dance while being supervised by French and Spanish Catholics. The Catholics believed that by letting the slaves dance, they could monitor them to make sure they werent planning escapes or practicing voodoo rituals. After seeing the slaves dance, whites began to paint their faces black and began copying their styles.The very first dance to imitate slave dancers was by Thomas Rice in 1828. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Jazz Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was called Jump Jim Crow. It copied the movement of a slave who had been crippled. This became the basis for the era of American entertainment founded on stereotyping slave dancers. The movement quickly spread to the audience and public, and the result was that dances like the Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woozier and Swing began to develop.